< PreviousFisika Atom2215B41C1B;1>@5BC1=11>@1>:1>775<?=21>7I1>7CE418>41;5>1<6B5;E5>C9C521>49>745>71>, ,(&/ * (E=EC1>@1>:1>775<?=21>741@1D49DE<9C;1> && M "5D5B1>71>D5D1@1>(I425B7 P = @1>:1>775<?=21>75<5;DB?=17>5D9;=&29<1>71>;E1>DE=ED1=1)@5;DBE=5=9C9141D971=131=I19DE+( #,*-% *!++( #,*-%(!,41>+( #,*-%#'&,!&- #7,2:8;4(809)@5;DBE=71B9C4981C9<;1>?<5871C71C25BD5;1>1>B5>418I1>749@1>1C;1>)@5;DBE=9>9D5B49B91D1C71B9C71B9C3181I1=?>?;B?=1D9;45>71>@1>:1>775<?=21>7D5BD5>DE'1>:1>775<?=21>73181I1I1>7D5B41@1D41<1=C@5;DBE==5BE@1;1>;1B1;D5B9CD9;41B9E>CEBI1>7=5>781C9<;1>C@5;DBE=D5BC52ED;921D@5=1>1C1>1D?=71C1;1>=5>I5B1@5>5B79C589>77125B14141<1=;51411>D5B5;C9D1C91<1=;51411>9>91D?=71CD941;CD129<41>1;1>25BEC181;5;51411>41C1B45>71>=5=1>31B;1>6?D?>25BE@175<?=21>75<5;DB?=17>5D9; #7,2:8;4!0:()@5;DBE=@9D14981C9<;1>?<5871C41<1=;51411>=?<5;E<5B=9C1<>I171C & % 41>&)@5;DBE=I1>74981C9<;1>25BE@1;5<?=@?;71B9C71B9CI1>7C1>71DB1@1DC589>771=5=25>DE;@9D1@9D1 #7,2:8;4 65:05;)@5;DBE=;?>D9>E141<18C@5;DBE=I1>7D5B49B91D1C3181I145>71>C5=E1@1>:1>775<?=21>7G1<1E@E>45>71>9>D5>C9D1CI1>725B2541)@5;DBE=;?>D9>E4981C9<;1>?<58J1D@141DJ1D319B41>71CI1>725BD5;1>1>D9>77941>25B@9:1B5B@9:1B>I125>DE;J1DJ1DD5BC52ED;1B5>1=5=9<9;91D?=I1>725B:1B1;B5<1D96<5298;539<C1DE41>I1>7<19>>I1C589>771C1<9>725B9>D5B1;C9;921D>I1D9>7;1DD9>7;1D5>5B791D?=25B75C5BE>DE;=5=5>E891DEB1>'1E<9b.Spektrum Absorpsi)@5;DBE=12C?B@C9141<18C@5;DBE=I1>7D5B:149;1B5>1@5>I5B1@1>@1>:1>775<?=21>7D5BD5>DE41B9CE1DE3181I1)@5;DBE=12C?B@C9D5B49B91D1CC545B5D1>71B9C89D1=@141C@5;DBE=;?>D9>E'5>I5B1@1>D5B8141@@1>:1>775<?=21>7D5BD5>DED5B:149@1416?D?>I1>7=5=9<9;95>5B79I1>7D5@1DC1=141>C5<9C985>5B791>D1B1D9>7;1D5;C9D1C941>D9>7;1D41C1B)@5;DBE=12C?B@C94981C9<;1>:9;13181I1@ED9849<5G1D;1>@141D12E>7I1>725B9C91D?=1D?=71CCE1DEE>CEBI1>7;5=E491>1D?=1D?=D5BC52ED1;1>=5>I5B1@=5>712C?B@C9C521791>3181I1@ED98 1B9C71B9CI1>74981C9<;1>C5CE1945>71>71B9C71B9C@141C@5;DBE=5=9C9!9;1;54E1C@5;DBE=9>94945;1D;1>1;1>D1=@1;71B9C71B9C75<1@41>D5B1>7?>D?8C@5;DBE=12C?B@C9141<18C@5;DBE=$1D181B9)531B1C5@9>D1CC@5;DBE=$1D181B9D1=@1;C5@5BD9C@5;DBE=;?>D9>E;1>D5D1@9:9;14935B=1D91;1>D1=@1;71B9C71B9C75<1@D5B1>7I1>749C52ED *!+ *!+ *-& ' *41>I1 *!+ *!+ *-& ' *49C5212;1>3181I1@ED9841B921791>9>D9$1D181B949C5B1@?<581D?=1D?=41>=?<5;E<=?<5;E<71C41<1=1D=?C65B$1D181B9=1E@E>1D=?C65BE=91791>$1D181B9I1>725BCE8EC5;9D1B ?41@1D=5>9=2E<;1>C@5;DBE=Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII222energi ionisasi semakin besarenergi ionisasi semakin besar(4)(8 =5=@5B<981D;1>2171>41>@5B1<1D1>C@5;DBE=12C?B@C95B41C1B;1>81C9<@5B3?211>41>81C9<5;C@5B9=5>49@5B?<58;5C9=@E<1>218G1:9;1J1D25B@5>41B25B1491C9 =5=1>31B;1>C@5;DBE=5=9C9=5BE@1;1>J1DI1>7219;E>DE;=5>712C?B@C9C@5;DBE=>I1 1B9CC@5;DBE=1D?=894B?75>D5B49B91D1C2525B1@145B5DI19DE45B5D#I=1>>45B5D1<=5B45B5D'1C385>45B5DB13;5DD41>45B5D'6E>45B5D45B5DD5BC52ED=5=5>E89@5BC1=11> 0&& M "5D5B1>71>0>?=?B1D?=6.Energi Ionisasi, Afinitas Elektron, dan Elektron Valensi)E1DE1D?=1;1>25B9;1D1>45>71>1D?=<19>;1B5>1141>I161;D?B61;D?BD5BD5>DE"5=1=@E1>CE1DE1D?=E>DE;25B9;1D1>45>71>1D?=<19>49D5>DE;1>?<58;51411>:E=<185<5;DB?>D5B<E1B>I1 <5;DB?>=5=9<9;9;535>45BE>71>E>DE;=5=25>DE;CECE>1>I1>7CD129<CECE>1>71C=E<91525B1@161;D?BI1>7=5=5>71BE891D?=E>DE;=5<5@1C;1>1D1E=5>79;1D5<5;DB?>141<18C52171925B9;EDa.Energi Ionisasi!9;1CE1DE1D?=D5B41@1DC1DE5<5;DB?>49<E1BCE2;E<9DI1>7=1>D1@5<5;DB?>35>45BE>7=E418=5<5@1C;1>9;1D1>>I1171B=5=9<9;9;?>697EB1C9C5@5BD971C=E<91+>DE;=5<5@1C;1>5<5;DB?>D5B<E1B>I19>949@5B<E;1>5>5B79I1>749C52ED & * !!'&!++! >5B799?>9C1C9E>DE;1D?=894B?75>C525C1B 5,'5>7E;EB1>5>5B799?>9C1C9@141E>CEB41<1=71C=5=@5B<981D;1>218G141<1=CE1DE@5B9?45C5=1;9>21>I1;5<5;DB?>41>@B?D?>=1;171I1D1B9;=5>1B9;5<5;DB?>D5B<E1B45>71>9>D9C5=1;9>25C1B:1B9:1B9;539<;921D>I15<5;DB?>CE;1B49<5@1CC589>7715>5B79E>DE;=5<5@1C5<5;DB?>C5=1;9>25C1BI1>725B1BD95>5B799?>9C1C925C1B!9;1:E=<185<5;DB?>C549;9DC5@5BD9E>CEB@1417?<?>71> :1B9:1B9>I125C1B71I1D1B9;=5>1B9;5<5;DB?>45>71>9>D9<5298;539<;921D>I15>5B79E>DE;=5<5@1C5<5;DB?>D5B<E1BB5<1D96<5298;539<I1>725B1BD95>5B799?>9C1C9>I1;539<1B91D1C;521G1841<1=C1DE7?<?>71>:1B9:1B91D?=C5=1;9>25C1B 1<9>9=5>I5212;1>5<5;DB?>D5B<E1BB5<1D96=E418<5@1C4921>49>7;1>45>71>1D?=I1>725B141491D1C>I1 1<9>925B1BD941B91D1C;521G1841<1=C1DE7?<?>71>5>5B799?>9C1C925B;EB1>7'5BE2181>5>5B799?>9C1C941<1=D125<@5B9?49;41@1D49<981D@141(4)(8 ?<?>71> 41<1=CECE>1>25B;1<1E>CEBE>CEBC5@5BD971=21B49C52ED:E717?<?>71>1<;1<9I1>7=5<9@ED9#9%1"(2C41> B+>CEBI1>7@1<9>7C549;9D141<186B1>C9E= BC521225BC961DB149?1;D96C589>771=E41825BE218=5>:149E>CEB<19>Gambar 8.25Proses untuk menghasilkanspektrum absorpsicahayaputihcelahkisispektrumatom-atomgasGambar 8.26Perulangan sifat pada sistemperiodikFisika Atom223)961DC961D;9=91E>CEB1<;1<9141<1881>I1=5=9<9;9C1DE5<5;DB?>49;E<9DD5B<E1B1@1D<1849D5B;1218G1E>CEBE>CEB9>9=5=9<9;95>5B799?>9C1C9I1>7B5>418C1>71D=E418=5<5@1C;1>5<5;DB?>)5=1;9>25C1B:1B9:1B91D?=5>5B799?>9C1C9>I1C5=1;9>B5>4185>71>;1D1<19>E>CEBE>CEB1<;1<99>9C1>71DB51;D961D1E=E418C5;1<9=5=25>DE;C5>I1G1+>CEBE>CEB9>9=E418C5;1<925B51;C945>71>?;C975>49E41B1 DE<18C5212>I1<?71=<?71=1<;1<981BEC49C9=@1>41<1==9>I1;D1>1841>D941;2?<5849291B;1><1=149E41B1D5B2E;1b.Afinitas Elektron !&!,+ $ #,*'& $ & * !/& !$ (+#&"!#+-,-,'%% && #(+ - $ #,*'&D?=1D?=I1>7=5=9<9;971I1D1B9;=5>1B9;1>D1B9>D9>I1;539<=5>E>:E;;1>218G1169>9D1C5<5;DB?>>I1:E71;539< 1<81<I1>7=5=5>71BE8925C1B;539<>I1169>9D1C5<5;DB?>141<18:E=<18=E1D1>41<1=9>D9:1B1;1>D1B9>D941>:E=<185<5;DB?>41<1=1D?=1<1=C1DE7?<?>71>41B91D1C;521G1881B71169>9D1C5<5;DB?>C5=1;9>;539<1<1=C1DE@5B9?4541B9;9B9;5;1>1>81B71169>9D1C5<5;DB?>C5=1;9>25C1BD?=1D?=I1>7C5=1;9>=E418=5>1>7;1@5<5;DB?>1;1>=5=9<9;981B71169>9D1C5<5;DB?>I1>7C5=1;9>25C1B+>DE;=5>771=21B;1>D9>7;1D;5=E4181>CE1DE1D?==5>1>7;1@5<5;DB?>497E>1;1>25C1B1>5<5;DB?>571D9F9D1C1D1E;55<5;DB?>571D961>)E1DEE>CEBI1>7=5=9<9;95>5B799?>9C1C9D9>779=5=9<9;95<5;DB?>571D9F9D1CD9>779BD9>I1=5=9<9;9;535>45BE>71>25C1BE>DE;=5>1>7;1@5<5;DB?>+>CEBI1>7=E418=5<5@1C;1>5<5;DB?>41>=5=25>DE;9?>@?C9D9649>1=1;1>E>CEBI1>75<5;DB?@?C9D96)521<9;>I1E>CEBI1>7=E418=5>1>7;1@5<5;DB?>41>=5=25>DE;9?>>571D9649>1=1;1>E>CEB5<5;DB?>571D96'141E=E=>I1E>CEBE>CEBI1>7=5=9<9;95<5;DB?>F1<5>C9;EB1>741B95=@1D25BC961D5<5;DB?@?C9D9641@E>E>CEBE>CEBI1>7=5=9<9;95<5;DB?>F1<5>C9<529841B95=@1D25BC961D5<5;DB?>571D9669>9D1C2525B1@1E>CEBD5B<981D@141$(),3 c.Elektron Valensi <5;DB?>I1>7@1<9>725B@5B1>41<1==5>5>DE;1>C961D 9C9;141>"9=91141<185<5;B?>I1>725B141@141;E<9D@1<9>7<E1B <5;DB?>9>9291C149C52ED $ #,*'&.$ &+!;1>D5D1@9E>DE;;E<9DI1>7@5>E85<5;DB?>>I1D941;DEBEDC5BD141<1==5>5>DE;1>C961DC961DD5BC52ED1B9CECE>1>25B;1<1E>CEBE>CEB45>71>C9CD5=@5B9?49;41<1=C1DE7?<?>71>1D?=1D?=D5BC52ED=5=9<9;95<5;DB?>F1<5>C9I1>7C1=1$9C1<>I11D?=#9I1>7=5=9<9;9 5<5;DB?>C1<18C1DE>I1141<185<5;DB?>F1<5>C95=9;91>81<>I11D?="=5=9<9;9 5<5;DB?>C1<18C1DE>I1141<185<5;DB?>F1<5>C9"5C9=@E<1>>I11D?=#941>1D?="I1>725B14141<1=C1DE7?<?>71>=5=9<9;9C1DE5<5;DB?>F1<5>C9 M#9M%1MM M )9M %M'M&M M <M BM M $(),3 69>9D1C525B1@1+>CEB%59;8-050:(93,2:86524631B9@5>5<9D91>D5>D1>7@1BD9;5<CE21D?=9;@1B169C9;1G1>=5>5=E;1>218G1@1BD9;5<@5>IECE>1D?=9DE2E;1>81>I15<5;DB?>41>>5EDB?>E1D<18DE<9C1>D5>D1>7@1BD9;5<@1BD9;5<CE21D?=9;I1>721BE49D5=E;1>9DE>4141@1D=5>31B99>6?B=1C9>I141B99>D5B>5DC5217193?>D?8>4129C1=5>75D9;;1>AE1B;@141 * & !& I1>7>417E>1;1>>41;E=@E<;1>DE71C9>9@1417EBE41>49C;EC9;1>DE71C9>925BC1=17EBE 9C9;141>+092;902(525BC1=1D5=1>D5=1>41>7EBEMari Mencari Tahu•teori atom Bohr•bilangan kuantum utama•bilangan kuantum orbital•bilangan kuantum magnetik•bilangan kuantum spin•prinsip Pauli•aturan Aufbau•kaidah Hund•spektrum emisi•spektrum absorsi•garis-garis Praunhoffer•energi ionisasi•afinitas elektron•elektron valensiSumber: General Chemistry, 1990Kata KunciMudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII224 *E>:E;;1><18218G1;E<9D1$=1;C9=E=49D5=@1D9?<58 2E185<5;DB?>2%=1;C9=E=49D5=@1D9?<58 2E185<5;DB?> *5>DE;1><185>5B79D?D1<41B9C52E185<5;DB?>@1419?>! E>DE;29<1>71>;E1>DE=ED1=1& !5<1C;1>1@1I1>7>41;5D18E9D5>D1>7129<1>71>;E1>DE=ED1=1229<1>71>;E1>DE=?B29D1<329<1>71>;E1>DE=C@9>$5>71@1@1411D?=25B5<5;DB?>21>I1;D5B:149@5=9C181>D9>7;1D5>5B7941B9CE2;E<9D45>71>;E<9DI1>7C1=1$5>71@1C1DE?B29D1<81>I141@1D49D5=@1D9?<584E15<5;DB?>1719=1>1;5C5CE191>1C1C<1B1>71>'1E<941>C9CD5=@5B9?49;@1;18@5>I5212D5B:149>I1C@5;DBE=12C?B@C941>C@5;DBE=71B9C!5<1C;1>45>71>C@5;DB?C;?@921719=1>1E>CEB85<9E=49D5=E;1>@141$1D181B9*5B1>7;1>5>5B799?>9C1C941<1=C1DE7?<?>71>41>C1DE@5B9?45 1719=1>1169>9D1C5<5;DB?>%14921>49>7;1>45>71><41>"Tes Kompetensi Subbab B ,81(2(53(/7(+();2;3(:0/(5Rangkuman '5B;5=21>71>=?45<1D?==5<1<E92525B1@1D181@C52171925B9;EDM=?45<1D?=5=?;B9DECM=?45<1D?=1<D?>M=?45<1D?=*8?=C?>M=?45<1D?=(ED85B6?B4M=?45<1D?=?8B 1<1==5=2E1DD5?B91D?=1<D?>=5>71=29<13E1>41C1B41B9M5;C@5B9=5>'B?ECDD5>D1>7 E;E='5B21>49>71>*5D1@I1>7=5>I1D1;1>218G1NC5>I1G149CECE>?<58E>CEBE>CEB45>71>@5B21>49>71>D5D1@OM5;C@5B9=5>>D?>95#1F?9C95B41>'B59CD5<ID5>D1>7 E;E=#1F?9C95BI1>7=5>I1D1;1>218G1N=1CC1J1DC525<E=41>C5CE418B51;C9141<18C1=1O !?C5@8!?8>*8?=C?>=5<1;E;1>5;C@5B9=5>45>71>=5>77E>1;1>D12E>7C9>1B;1D?45I1>7C549;9D49=?4969;1C9 1C9<5;C@5B9=5>I1>749@5B?<58>I1141<18218G1@5B21>49>71>=E1D1>41>=1CC1 %C52171925B9;ED % P ;7(?25BD$9<<9;1>=5<1;E;1>5;C@5B9=5>D5D5C=9>I1; 1C9<5;C@5B9=5>=5>5=E;1>81B71=E1D1>5<5;DB?> P M 5>71>=5>7712E>7;1>@5>5=E1>*8?=C?>41>$9<<9;1>49@5B?<5881B71=1CC15<5;DB?>141<18% P M ;7 >5B795<5;DB?>25B41C1B;1>D5?B9?8B &% &1D1E 5,& & B5;E5>C975<?=21>75<5;DB?=17>5D9;I1>749C5B1@1D1E49@1>31B;1>41B94E1;51411>CD1C9?>5B141<18! <5;DB?>41<1=CE1DE1D?=4971=21B;1>41<1=5=@1D29<1>71>;E1>DE=I19DEM29<1>71>;E1>DE=ED1=1&M29<1>71>;E1>DE=?B29D1<M29<1>71>;E1>DE==17>5D9;%M29<1>71>;E1>DE=C@9>%CDEB1>@5>E<9C1>;?>697EB1C95<5;DB?>4941C1B;1>@141M1DEB1>E621E=5>I1D1;1>218G15<5;DB?>41<1=CE1DE1D?=1;1>=E<19=5>79C9CE1DE?B29D1<41B9D9>7;1DI1>75>5B79>I1@1<9>7B5>418C1=@19I1>7@1<9>7D9>779M1DEB1> E>4=5>I1D1;1>218G15<5;DB?>5<5;DB?>D941;2?<5825B@1C1>71>C525<E=C5<EBE8?B29D1<C5D9>7;1DD5B9C9?<58C52E185<5;DB?>M1C1C<1B1>71>'1E<9=5>I1D1;1>218G141<1=CE1DE1D?=D941;2?<581415<5;DB?>I1>7=5=9<9;9;55=@1D29<1>71>;E1>DE=C1=1)@5;DBE=5=9C9141<18C@5;DBE=I1>74981C9<;1>?<58@1>31B1>75<?=21>75<5;DB?=17>5D9; )@5;DBE=12C?B@C9141<18C@5;DBE=I1>7D5B:149;1B5>1@5>I5B1@1>@1>:1>775<?=21>7D5BD5>DE41B9CE1DECE=25B3181I1 >5B799?>9C1C9141<1821>I1;>I15>5B79I1>749@5B<E;1>5<5;DB?>D5B<E1BE>DE;<5@1C41B99;1D1>@5>71BE89>D91D?= 69>9D1C5<5;DB?>141<185>5B79I1>749<5@1C;1>:9;1CE1DE1D?==5>1>7;1@C52E185<5;DB?> <5;DB?>F1<5>C9141<185<5;DB?>I1>7@1<9>725B@5B1>41<1==5>5>DE;1>C961D 9C9;141>"9=91CE1DE1D?=41>D5B<5D1;@141;E<9D@1<9>7<E1BFisika Atom2255=?;B9DEC=5=2181C49;5=E;1;1>?<58!!*8?=C?>(?25BD$9<<9;1>(ED85B6?B4!?8>1<D?>%95<C?8B4941C1B;1>@141=5>41@1D;1>>9<1949<1>:ED;1>?<584941C1B;1>@141I19DE=5=2181CPeta KonsepSetelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda telahmemahami bagaimana perkembangan model atomsampai terakhir digunakan model atom Bohr. Anda jugatentu telah paham bagaimana kedudukan dan sifatelektron dalam bab inti. Dari semua materi yang adadalam bab ini, bagian manakah yang menurut Anda sulitdipahami? Coba Anda diskusikan bersama teman atauguru Fisika Anda.RefleksiSekarang Anda menjadi tahu bahwa rekayasa atomuntuk dimanfaatkan dalam kehidupan bergantung sekalipada elektron valensi atom. Coba Anda cari manfaat lainyang diperoleh setelah mempelajari bab ini, kemudiandiskusikan konsep Fisika apa yang terkandung di dalamnyabersama teman Anda.0902(:64 F?<EC9$?45<D?= E;E='5B21>49>71>*5D1@ %D?=5B5<5;DB?>1>I1; >5B79 ?>9C1C969>9D1C41> <5;DB?>,1<5>C9)9CD5='5B9?49;)961DD?=C1C#1B1>71>'1E<9DEB1> E>4DEB1>E621E9<1>71>"E1>DE= +D1=1 &B29D1< $17>5D9;)@9>Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII226 '5B>I1D11>I1>7=5BE@1;1>D5?B91D?==5>EBED1<D?>141<18121791>D5B;539<41B9CE1DE1D?=141<185<5;DB?>25<5;DB?>41B9CE1DEE>CEBC1=145>71>5<5;DB?>E>CEB<19>3C521791>25C1B=1CC11D?=D5B;E=@E<@1419>D9>I141D?=41B9CE1DEE>CEBD941;41@1D25B712E>745>71>1D?=E>CEB<19>51D?=41B9E>CEBE>CEBI1>7C1=1=5=9<9;9C961DI1>7C1=1@E<1 '5B>I1D11>I1>7D941;25B8E2E>71>45>71>=?45<1D?=*8?=C?>141<1811D?=2E;1>@1BD9;5<41B9CE1DEE>CEB2=E1D1>@?C9D96D5BC521B=5B1D141<1=9>D91D?=35<5;DB?>@1411D?=D5BC521B=5B1D1491>D1B1=E1D1>@?C9D9645<5;DB?>141<1821791>41B91D?=I1>725=E1D1>>571D9655<5;DB?>=5=9<9;9=1CC1I1>7C1=145>71>=E1D1>@B?D?> )1<18C1DE@5B>I1D11>41<1=D5?B91D?==5>EBED@5>41@1D(ED85B6?B4141<1811D?=D5B49B91D1C9>D9I1>725B=E1D1>@?C9D9641>5<5;DB?>I1>725B=E1D1>>571D96I1>725B75B1;=5>75<9<9>799>D9281=@9BC5<EBE8=1CC11D?=D5BC521B49C5<EBE821791>1D?=3@141B51;C9"9=919>D91D?==5>71<1=9@5BE2181>4'141B51;C9"9=915<5;DB?>@141<9>D1C1>D5B<E1BC1<9>7=5=5>71BE8959>D91D?==5BE@1;1>5<5;DB?>25B=E1D1>@?C9D96"5C9=@E<1>41B9@5B3?211>81=2EB1>(ED85B6?B4141<1811D?==5BE@1;1>21791>D5B;539<41B9CE1DE25>412=1CC11D?=D5BC521B=5B1D141<1=1D?=35<5;DB?>=5BE@1;1>21791>1D?=I1>725B=E1D1><9CDB9;>571D9641D?=25B25>DE;2?<1@5:1<5=1CC11D?=D5B@EC1D@141C1DED5=@1D;539<I1>749C52ED9>D91<1==?45<1D?=?8B5>5B79I1>7492EDE8;1>?<585<5;DB?>1D?=894B?75>E>DE;25B@9>41841B9?B29D45>71>29<1>71>;E1>DE=ED1=1 ;5 141<181 ,4 ,2 ,5 ,3 ,!9;15<5;DB?>25B@9>41841B9;E<9D$;5;E<9D"@1411D?=894B?75>41>141<18;?>CD1>D1(I425B7@1>:1>775<?=21>7I1>7D5B:14925C1B>I114 25 3 !9;1;?>CD1>D1(I425B7 P =M @1>:1>775<?=21>7D5B25C1B@14145B5D#I=1>141<181 L4 L2 L5 L3 L"?>C5@=?45<1D?=?8B41>=?45<1D?=(ED85B6?B425B254141<1==5>:5<1C;1>19>D941>5<5;DB?>C52171921791>1D?=2:5>9C=E1D1><9CDB9;41<1=1D?=3=1CC11D?=I1>7D5B@EC1D499>D945>5B795<5;DB?>I1>725B541B=5>75<9<9>799>D95@5=1>31B1>75<?=21>75<5;DB?=17>5D9;)1<18C1DE;5D5>DE1>?8B41<1==?45<1D?=>I1141<1815<5;DB?>@141<9>D1C1>CD1C9?>5B>I1=5=1>31B;1>5>5B7925<5;DB?>I1>725B@9>41841B9<9>D1C1>45>71>5>5B79D9>779;5<9>D1C1>45>71>5>5B79I1>7<5298B5>4181;1>=5=1>31B;1>6?D?>35<5;DB?>@141<9>D1C1>CD1C9?>5B>I1=5>I5B1@5>5B7945<5;DB?>=5>75<9<9>799>D9@141<9>D1C1>D5BD5>DE=5=9<9;9=?=5>DE=<9>95B55<5;DB?>@141<9>D1C1>45>71>5>5B79@1<9>7B5>418D941;D5B5;C9D1C9 >5B796?D?>C9>1BD1=@1;I1>749@1>1C;1>1D?=894B?75>;5D9;1D5B:149DB1>C9C95<5;DB?>41B9;E<9D;5;5;E<9D;5 141<181 ,4 ,2 ,5 ,3 , '141=?45<1D?=?8B5<5;DB?>1D?=894B?75>25B75B1;45>71>?B29D<9>7;1B1>45>71><1:EC525C1B P = C5C1B>I11BEC@141?B29DD5BC52ED P M 3?E<?=2% P M ;7141<181 @L4 =L2 >L5 L3 L !9;15>5B795<5;DB?>1D?=894B?75>@141<9>D1C1>41C1BM 5,5>5B799?>9C1C9@1411D?= I1>725B1C1<41B9<9>D1C1>& 141<181 5,4 5,2 5,5 5,3 5,Tes Kompetensi Bab 8!030/3(/9(3(/9(:;1(=()(5?(5.7(305.),5(8Fisika Atom227 <5;DB?>1D?=894B?75>=?45<?8B=5>75<9<9>799>D9>I1@141<9>D1C1>&!9;15>5B799?>9C1C91D?=9>D925B>9<19 ;1<95>5B799?>9C1C91D?=9>941<1=;51411>41C1B>I1>9<19&9DE141<181 4 25 3 5C1B5>5B79I1>749@1>31B;1>C11D5<5;DB?>D5B5;C9D1C91D1E=5>71<1=9DB1>C9C941B9&;5&@141C@5;DBE=894B?75>1 5,4 5,2 5,5 5,3 5, <5;DB?>1D?=894B?75>DB1>C9C9=5>781C9<;1>6B5;E5>C9D5B;539<@14145B5D#I=1>!9;15>5B79I1>749@1>31B;1>@141C11D9DE141<181 5,4 5,2 5,55,3 5, 5B9;ED9>94925B9;1>29<1>71>;E1>DE=ED1=1&41>29<1>71>?B29D1<41B95=@1D2E185<5;DB?>/1>7=5BE@1;1>5<5;DB?>:5>9C(141<1814253 )9>1BE<DB1F9<?5D1;1>49@1>31B;1>?<581D?=894B?75>:9;15<5;DB?>25B@9>41841B91<9>D1C1> ;5<9>D1C1> 2<9>D1C1> ;5<9>D1C1>3<9>D1C1> ;5<9>D1C1> 4<9>D1C1>;5<9>D1C1> 5<9>D1C1>;5<9>D1C1> '1C1>71>@1C1>71>29<1>71>;E1>DE=25B9;ED9>9I1>741@1D=5>771=21B;1>;51411>C1<18C1DE5<5;DB?>;E<9DD5B<E1B1D?= %1141<18&$%$%C1 2 3 4 5 +>DE;29<1>71>;E1>DE=?B29D1<$ >9<1929<1>71>;E1>DE==17>5D9;%CI1>7=E>7;9>141<181>?<2M 3M 4M M 5M M M '5B21>49>71>1>D1B1@1>:1>775<?=21>771B9C@5BD1=145B5D#I=1>>41>@1>:1>775<?=21>771B9C;54E11<=5B@141C@5;DBE=1D?=894B?75>141<181 4 2 5 3 69>9D1C5<5;DB?>141<1815>5B79I1>7492521C;1>@141C11D@5=25>DE;1>9?>>571D9625>5B79I1>749C5B1@@141C11D@5=25>DE;1>9?>>571D9635>5B79I1>7492521C;1>@141C11D@5=25>DE;1>9?>@?C9D9645>5B79I1>749C5B1@@141C11D@5=25>DE;1>9?>@?C9D965C1=145>71>5>5B799?>9C1C9 +>CEBI1>7=5=9<9;9DE:E85<5;DB?>F1<5>C9141<181 4 %12 )953 1 5B9;ED@5B>I1D11>I1>725>1BD5>D1>7E>CEB# -$!1E>CEBI1>71D?=>I1=E418=5=25>DE;9?>>571D9649C52EDE>CEB5<5;DB?>571D962E>CEBE>CEBI1>7=5=9<9;95<5;DB?>F1<5>C9;EB1>741B95=@1D=5BE@1;1>E>CEBI1>75<5;DB?>571D963E>CEBE>CEBI1>7=5=9<9;95<5;DB?>F1<5>C9<529841B95=@1D=5BE@1;1>E>CEBI1>75<5;DB?>571D964E>CEB5<5;DB?@?C9D96141<18E>CEBI1>7CE<9D=5>1>7;1@5<5;DB?>5E>CEBI1>7=E41825BE218=5>:1499?>>571D9649C52EDE>CEBI1>75<5;DB?>571D96 )E1DE71B9CC@5;DB1<49C@5;DBE=894B?75>=5=9<9;9@1>:1>775<?=21>7 >='5B25411>5>5B791>D1B1;5E1D9>7;1D5>5B79I1>7=5=25>DE;71B9CD5BC52ED141<181 ,4 ,2 ,5 ,3 , 9<1>71>29<1>71>;E1>DE=25B9;ED9>9141<18CE1DE;E=@E<1>I1>7=E>7;9>41B929<1>71>29<1>71>;E1>DE=E>DE;C52E185<5;DB?>41<1=?B29D1< 141<181& $ %$ %+ 2& $ %$M %+ 3& $M %$ %+ 4& $ %$ %+ 5& $M %$ %+ & Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII228 )52ED;1>4E181<I1>7D5B;1>4E>741<1==?45<1D?=(ED85B6?B441>?8B !5<1C;1>@5B25411>1>D1B1=?45<1D?=(ED85B6?B441>?8B 9DE>7<18@1>:1>775<?=21>7D5B@5>45;41B9145B5D#I=1>245B5D'1C385>345B5D'6E>4)52E181D?=894B?75>@141;51411>41C1B=5>I5B1@C52E186?D?>C589>771=5>71<1=95;C9D1C9;5?B29D;5*5>DE;1><18@1>:1>775<?=21>741>6B5;E5>C96?D?>)E1DE25B;1C5<5;DB?>49D1=218;1>@14171C894B?75>!9;14981C9<;1>@5=1>31B1>C@5;DBE=I1>725B1C1<41B9DB1>C9C9& ;5;51411>& C541>7;1>5>5B799;1D5<5;DB?>@141D9>7;1D41C1BC1=145>71> 5,D5>DE;1>5>5B79=9>9=E=5<5;DB?>(=()3(/7,8:(5?((5),802;:+,5.(5:,7(:!5<1C;1>45>71>2171>;?>697EB1C95<5;DB?>41B91D?=<9D89E=*5>DE;1>5>5B795<5;DB?>@141;51411>41C1B& E>DE;11D?=894B?75>29?> 50 39?>#9 0 %I1D1;1>:1G121>>4141<1=C1DE1>5, >5B79D?D1<5<5;DB?>#9 @141CE1DE?B29DD5BD5>DE141<18 5,5B1@1;1829<1>71>;E1>DE=ED1=1?B29DD5BC52EDD?=;1<9E==5=9<9;9>?=?B1D?= 1*5>DE;1>;?>697EB1C95<5;DB?>1D?=D5BC52ED2$5>71@1;1<9E=C1>71DB51;D96C531B1;9=9141>35>45BE>7=5=25>DE;9?>"Teori Relativitas Khusus229229memformulasikan teori relativitas khusus untuk waktu, panjang, dan massa, sertakesetaraan massa dengan energi yang diterapkan dalam teknologiSetelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:menganalisis berbagai besaran fisis pada gejala kuantum dan batas-batasberlakunya relativitas Einstein dalam paradigma Fisika Modern.Hasil yang harus Anda capai:Teori Relativitas KhususA.Semua GerakBersifat RelatifB.Teori RelativitasEinstein E6@6= C96H6=IB:C<6E6B6CIG>67:AIB7>G6B:C?:A6?6=>EA6C:H96C7>CH6C<9>AI6FH6H6GIFM6.6A6=G6HI@:C96A6M6C<9>=696E6>696A6=?IBA6=76=6C76@6FM6C<9>7IHI=@6CG6C<6H76CM6@@6F:C6?6F6@H:BEI=CM67>G67:FDF9:H6=IC6C86=6M6 6A6B;>AB ;>AB;>@G>>AB>6=E:F?6A6C6CG:E:FH>>HIB:FIE6@6C=6AM6C<7>6G6@6F:C6E:G6K6HM6C<9><IC6@6CB:B>A>@>@:8:E6H6CM6C<G6C<6HH>C<<> (>G6ACM696A6B;>AB)'' E:G6K6HM6C<7:FC6B6)'( % #)'%' (B6BEI7:F?6A6C9:C<6C@:8:E6H6CDF9:86=6M6 /6=I@6= C966E6=I7IC<6C6CH6F6?6F6@9:C<6C@:8:E6H6C86=6M6%>@6GI6HI7:C967:F<:F6@9:C<6C@:8:E6H6C86=6M6H:DF>F:A6H>J>H6G@=IGIG6@6C7:FA6@I .6A6=G6HI>BEA>@6G>96F>E:C:F6E6CH:DF>F:A6H>J>H6G@=IGIG696A6=H:F?69>CM6@DCHF6@G>E:CMIGIH6CE6C?6C<G:=>C<<6?6F6@H:BEI=CM6G:B6@>CE:C9:@ .:A6>C@DCHF6@G>E6C?6C<B6G>=76CM6@A6<>E:C<6FI=M6C<9>6@>76H@6CDA:=7:C96M6C<7:F<:F6@9:C<6C@:8:E6H6CB:C9:@6H>@:8:E6H6C86=6M6 6CM6@=6AM6C<H:F@:G6CH>96@B6GI@6@6A @6CH:H6E>?>@69>H>C?6I9:C<6CB:C<<IC6@6CH:DF>F:A6H>J>H6G@=IGIGH:FCM6H6>AB>6=96C96E6H9>7I@H>@6C !:CDB:C6 ;:CDB:6B:C6F>@H:FG:7IH6@6C C96E:A6?6F>E696767>C> Pesawat ruang angkasa Starship Enterprise dalam serial televisi Star Trekseringkali berjalan dengan kecepatan cahaya.Bab9Sumber: Jendela IPTEK, EnergiMudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII230Gambar 9.1Menurut pengamat di luar keretaapi, penumpang sedang bergerakdengan kecepatan yang samadengan kecepatan kereta api.A.Semua Gerak Bersifat Relatif.:BI67:C969>@6H6@6C7:F<:F6@?>@6@:9I9I@6C7:C96>HI7:FI76=H:F=696EH>H>@68I6C6H6I@:F6C<@668I6CM6C<9>H:H6E@6C .:DF6C<G>GK6M6C<G:96C<9I9I@9>96A6B@:F:H66E>M6C<7:F<:F6@9>@6H6@6C9>6BH>96@7:F<:F6@?>@6@:F6C<@668I6CCM6@:F:H66E> @6CH:H6E>G:DF6C<E:C<6B6H9>AI6F@:F:H66E>B:C<6H6@6CG>GK6H:FG:7IH7:F<:F6@9:C<6C@:8:E6H6CM6C<G6B69:C<6C@:8:E6H6C@:F:H66E> .6B6=6ACM6<:F6@G:7I6=E:F6=IH:FG:7IH6A>F6C6>FGIC<6> +:F6=I96C6FIGGIC<6>7:F<:F6@H:F=696E IB> DCHD=9>6H6GB:CIC?I@@6C76=K6H>96@6967:C96M6C<7:F<:F6@BIHA6@M6C<696=6CM6A6=<:F6@F:A6H>; /:DF>):KHDCH:A6=7:F=6G>AB:C?:A6G@6CE:F>GH>K6G:7I6=7:C96M6C<7:F<:F6@9:C<6C@:8:E6H6CF:C96=G:E:FH>8DCHD= 8DCHD=<:F6@H:FG:7IH @6CH:H6E>H:DF>CM6H>96@7:F=6G>AB:C?:A6G@6CE:F>GH>K67:C96M6C<7:F<:F6@B:C9:@6H>@:8:E6H6C86=6M6G:E:FH>G:?IBA6=:A:@HFDCM6C<9>E:F8:E6HB:A6AI>7:96EDH:CG>6A (:16@6CB:C86E6>@:8:E6H6C (:CIFIHB:@6C>@6):KHDC76=K6@:8:E6H6C:A:@HFDC6@6CB:C?69> ?>@69>E:F8:E6H9:C<6CEDH:CG>6AG:7:G6F (:1 &:CM6H66CB:CIC?I@@6C76=K6@:8:E6H6C:A:@HFDCH:H6EG6?6G:7:G6F %:A6GA6=B:@6C>@6):KHDCH>96@96E6H9>E6@6>ICHI@7:C96 7:C96M6C<7:F<:F6@B:C9:@6H>@:8:E6H6C86=6M6 1.Transformasi Galileo+F>CG>EF:A6H>J>H6G"6A>A:D9>@:C6A?I<6G:76<6>EF>CG>EF:A6H>J>H6G@A6G>@@6F:C6=6CM67:F@6>H6C9:C<6C=I@IB =I@IB<:F6@):KHDC DCHD=CM6E:C<6B6H6CH:F=696EG:DF6C<G>GK6M6C<G:96C<9I9I@9>96A6B@:F:H66E>M6C<7:F<:F6@DA:=9I6DF6C<E:C<6B6HG:76<6>9I6@:F6C<@668I6C7:F7:96 DCHD=H:FG:7IH96E6H9><6B76F@6C9:C<6CB:C<<IC6@6CG>GH:B@DDF9>C6H@:F6C<@668I6C=6AH:FG:7IH9>AI@>G@6CG:E:FH> +! / 6A6BHF6CG;DFB6G>M6C<6@6C9>HIFIC@6C>C>G:A6C<K6@HIM6C<9>86H6HDA:=E:C<6B6H9>96C9>6C<<6EG6B6 +! / B:BE:FA>=6H@6C9I6@:F6C<@668I6C96C &:F6C<@668I6CH:F=696E68I6C7:F<:F6@@:@6C6CG:E6C?6C<GIB7I -9:C<6C@:8:E6H6CH:H6E+ +696@:F6C<@668I6C>C:FG>6A7:FA6@I * *" !""#,)$# &:F6C<@668I6C>C:FG>6AH>96@B:C<6A6B>E:F8:E6H6C (>G6A@6C9I6DF6C<E:C<6B6H96C B6G>C< B6G>C<7:F69696A6B@:F6C<@668I6C.96C +:C<6B6HM6C<7:F6969>GH6G>IC9>6C<<6E7:F696E696@:F6C<@668I6CM6C<9>6B 96EICE:C<6B6H 7:F696YS'O'X' = XV tZY'SxPOZ'x8Y'S'ZO't = 0Xv76ZYSXOt = 0 $!$*2++$+.$* ( /')-,0$. $-/' $* 1'3'1 0&2020)$/( ) ,* &0- *0- *!$/')21# * +!2)2* 1'& ,Tes Kompetensi Awal &:H>@6 C96B:A>=6HED=DC ED=DC96F>96A6BBD7>AM6C<G:96C<7:F<:F6@ED=DC ED=DCH:FA>=6H7:F<:F6@@:6F6=M6C<7:FA6K6C6C96F>6F6=<:F6@BD7>A +D=DCH:FG:7IH9>@6H6@6C7:F<:F6@F:A6H>;H:F=696E C96M6C<9>6B 6F>>AIGHF6G>H:FG:7IH8D76 C96G>BEIA@6C6E6@6=<:F6@F:A6H>;>HI %>@6 C967:FA6F>9:C<6C@:8:E6H6C @B ?6B@:6F6=9:E6C9>96A6B@:F:H66E>M6C<G:96C<7:F<:F6@9:C<6C@:8:E6H6C @B ?6B7:F6E6@:8:E6H6CHDH6A C96B:CIFIHE:C<6B6HM6C<9>6B9>E>C<<>FF:A@:F:H6 %>@6@:8:E6H6C86=6M69>H:B76@@6C96F>E:G6K6HGIE:FGDC>@M6C<B:B>A>@>@:8:E6H6CG6B69:C<6C@:8:E6H6C7ICM>BIC<@>C@6=@:8:E6H6C86=6M6H:FG:7IHA:7>=96F>P B G E66A6G6CCM6 E6M6C<9>B6@GI99:C<6C:H:F+:F8D766C6E6@6=M6C<B:C<<I<IF@6CH:DF>696CM6:H:FGambar 9.2(a) Kerangka acuan S dalamkeadaan diam;(b) Kerangka acuan S' dalamkecepatan konstan v;(c) Setelah selang waktu t, beradajauh vt dari titik koordinat S'.Next >