21,59 i KATA PENGANTAR Kurikulum 2013 dirancang untuk memperkuat kompetensi siswa dari sisi sikap, pengetahuan dan keterampilan secara utuh. Keutuhan tersebut menjadi dasar dalam perumusan kompetensi dasar tiap mata pelajaran mencakup kompetensi dasar kelompok sikap, kompetensi dasar kelompok pengetahuan, dan kompetensi dasar kelompok keterampilan. Semua mata pelajaran dirancang mengikuti rumusan tersebut. Pembelajaran kelas X dan XI jenjang Pendidikan Menengah Kejuruhan yang disajikan dalam buku ini juga tunduk pada ketentuan tersebut. Buku siswa ini diberisi materi pembelajaran yang membekali peserta didik dengan pengetahuan, keterampilan dalam menyajikan pengetahuan yang dikuasai secara kongkrit dan abstrak, dan sikap sebagai makhluk yang mensyukuri anugerah alam semesta yang dikaruniakan kepadanya melalui pemanfaatan yang bertanggung jawab. Buku ini menjabarkan usaha minimal yang harus dilakukan siswa untuk mencapai kompetensi yang diharuskan. Sesuai dengan pendekatan yang digunakan dalam kurikulum 2013, siswa diberanikan untuk mencari dari sumber belajar lain yang tersedia dan terbentang luas di sekitarnya. Peran guru sangat penting untuk meningkatkan dan menyesuaikan daya serp siswa dengan ketersediaan kegiatan buku ini. Guru dapat memperkayanya dengan kreasi dalam bentuk kegiatan-kegiatan lain yang sesuai dan relevan yang bersumber dari lingkungan sosial dan alam. Buku ini sangat terbuka dan terus dilakukan perbaikan dan penyempurnaan. Untuk itu, kami mengundang para pembaca memberikan kritik, saran, dan masukan untuk perbaikan dan penyempurnaan. Atas kontribusi tersebut, kami ucapkan terima kasih. Mudah-mudahan kita dapat memberikan yang terbaik bagi kemajuan dunia pendidikan dalam rangka mempersiapkan generasi seratus tahun Indonesia Merdeka (2045). ii DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................................................................... i DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................................................................... ii DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................................................................... vi DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................................................................. viii PETA KEDUDUKAN BAHAN AJAR ............................................................................................................ ix GLOSARIUM ........................................................................................................................................................ x I. PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................................................................................ 1 A. Deskripsi ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 B. Prasyarat ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 C. Pentunjuk Penggunaan ......................................................................................................................... 1 D. Tujuan Akhir.............................................................................................................................................. 3 E. Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar ......................................................................................... 3 F. Cek Kemampuan Awal ........................................................................................................................... 5 II. PEMBELAJARAN .......................................................................................................................................... 7 KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 1. PENGUJIAN BAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN DAN PERIKANAN SECARA REFRAKTOMETRI .......................................................................................................................... 7 A. Deskripsi ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 B. Kegiatan Belajar ....................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ....................................................................................................................... 7 2. Uraian Materi....................................................................................................................................... 7 3. Tugas..................................................................................................................................................... 37 4. Refleksi................................................................................................................................................. 38 5. Tes Formatif ....................................................................................................................................... 39 C. PENILAIAN ............................................................................................................................................... 39 iii KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 2. PENGUJIAN BAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN DAN PERIKANAN SECARA POLARIMETRI ............................................................................................................................... 42 A. Deskripsi ................................................................................................................................................... 42 B. Kegiatan Belajar ..................................................................................................................................... 42 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ..................................................................................................................... 42 2. Uraian Materi..................................................................................................................................... 42 3. Tugas..................................................................................................................................................... 60 4. Refleksi................................................................................................................................................. 60 5. Tes formatif ........................................................................................................................................ 61 C. PENILAIAN ............................................................................................................................................... 62 KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 3. PENGUJIAN BAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN DAN PERIKANAN SECARA SPEKTROFOTOMETRI ................................................................................................................ 64 A. Deskripsi ................................................................................................................................................... 64 B. Kegiatan Belajar ..................................................................................................................................... 64 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ..................................................................................................................... 64 2. Uraian Materi..................................................................................................................................... 64 3. Tugas..................................................................................................................................................... 95 4. Refleksi................................................................................................................................................. 96 5. Tes Formatif ....................................................................................................................................... 97 C. PENILAIAN ............................................................................................................................................... 98 KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 4. PENGUJIAN BAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN DAN PERIKANAN SECARA KOLORIMETRI ............................................................................................................................ 100 A. Deskripsi ................................................................................................................................................ 100 B. Kegiatan Belajar .................................................................................................................................. 100 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran .................................................................................................................. 100 2. Uraian Materi.................................................................................................................................. 100 3. Tugas.................................................................................................................................................. 112 4. Refleksi.............................................................................................................................................. 112 5. Tes Formatif .................................................................................................................................... 113 iv C. PENILAIAN ............................................................................................................................................ 114 KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 5. PENGUJIAN BAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN DAN PERIKANAN SECARA KONDUKTOMETRI .................................................................................................................... 116 A. Deskripsi ................................................................................................................................................ 116 B. Kegiatan Belajar .................................................................................................................................. 116 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran .................................................................................................................. 116 2. Uraian Materi.................................................................................................................................. 116 3. Tugas.................................................................................................................................................. 134 4. Refleksi.............................................................................................................................................. 135 5. Tes Formatif .................................................................................................................................... 136 C. PENILAIAN ............................................................................................................................................ 136 KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 6. PENGUJIAN BAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN DAN PERIKANAN SECARA POTENSIOMETRI ...................................................................................................................... 139 A. Deskripsi ................................................................................................................................................ 139 B. Kegiatan Belajar .................................................................................................................................. 139 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran .................................................................................................................. 139 2. Uraian Materi.................................................................................................................................. 139 3. Tugas.................................................................................................................................................. 153 4. Refleksi.............................................................................................................................................. 153 5. Tes Formatif .................................................................................................................................... 154 C. PENILAIAN ............................................................................................................................................ 155 KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 7. PENGUJIAN BAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN SECARA KROMATOGRAFI ......................................................................................................................................... 157 A. Deskripsi ................................................................................................................................................ 157 B. Kegiatan Belajar .................................................................................................................................. 157 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran .................................................................................................................. 157 2. Uraian Materi.................................................................................................................................. 157 3. Tugas.................................................................................................................................................. 209 4. Refleksi.............................................................................................................................................. 210 v 5. Tes Formatif .................................................................................................................................... 211 C. PENILAIAN ............................................................................................................................................ 212 III. PENTUTUP .............................................................................................................................................. 214 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................................................................... 215 vi DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1. Pemantulan dan pembiasan cahaya .................................................................................. 9 Gambar 2. Arah Pembiasan Cahaya ......................................................................................................... 9 Gambar 3. Pembiasan cahaya pada prisma ........................................................................................ 12 Gambar 4. Hand Refratometer brik 0 – 32% ..................................................................................... 15 Gambar 5. Refraktometer Imersi ............................................................................................................ 17 Gambar 6. Dua jenis Refraktometer Abbe yang modern (tipe Abbe 60/95 dan Abbe 5) . 21 Gambar 7. Bagian-bagian Refraktometer Abbe ................................................................................ 22 Gambar 8. Gelombang terpolarisasi dan takterpolarisasi. ........................................................... 45 Gambar 9. Polarisasi karena pemantulan ........................................................................................... 46 Gambar 10. Spektropolarimeter ............................................................................................................. 48 Gambar 11. Saccharimeter at the Sugar Museum (Berlin). .......................................................... 49 Gambar 12. Zeiss polarimeter .................................................................................................................. 52 Gambar 13. Proses penyerapan cahaya oleh zat dalam sel sampel. Cahaya sebelum melewati sel sampel lebih terang atau lebih banyak di banding cahaya setelah melewati sel sampel ............................................................................................. 67 Gambar 14. LIVI 300 Visible Spectrophotometer ............................................................................ 70 Gambar 15. Shimadzu(R) UV-1800(R) Spectrophotometer ........................................................ 72 Gambar 16. Spektrofotometri UV-Vis ................................................................................................... 73 Gambar 17. Bagan alat spektrofometri Uv-Visible (Sumber: watson,1999) .......................... 77 Gambar 18. Kuvet Spektrofotometer UV-VIS ..................................................................................... 78 Gambar 19. Contoh Spektra Uv-Visible ................................................................................................ 79 Gambar 20. Proses absorpsi dan emisi suatu atom ......................................................................... 81 Gambar 21. Skema peralatan AAS .......................................................................................................... 85 Gambar 22. Lampu Katoda Berongga (Hallow Cathode Lamp) .................................................. 86 Gambar 23. Kurva kalibrasi ...................................................................................................................... 90 Gambar 24. A Nessler Cylinder ............................................................................................................. 102 vii Gambar 25. Gambar dan diagram dari Kolorimeter Duboscq, untuk mendapatkan visual pertandingan warna antara dua kolom cairan untuk sampai pada rasio konsentrasi kuantitatif .................................................................................................... 102 Gambar 26. 1.0 ml Digital Photo Colorimeter (Model no. KCD – 10D) ................................. 106 Gambar 27. Kurva titrasi ......................................................................................................................... 120 Gambar 28. Konduktometer .................................................................................................................. 128 Gambar 29. ??? ............................................................................................................................................ 130 Gambar 30. Skema pengelompokkan kromatografi ..................................................................... 160 Gambar 31. Kromatografi pita/noda. ................................................................................................ 163 Gambar 32. Kromatografi dua jalan ................................................................................................... 164 Gambar 33. Batas ketinggian pelarut ................................................................................................. 166 Gambar 34. Bercak warna yang tampak setelah pelarut telah bergerak hampir seluruhnya ke atas ............................................................................................................ 166 Gambar 35. Senyawa berwarna sebelum dan sesudah disemprot dengan ninhidrin .... 168 Gambar 36. Pemotongan pipa kapiler ............................................................................................... 182 Gambar 37. Prosedur analisis KLT, (a) Proses penempatan noda; (b) Proses pengembangan noda ........................................................................................................ 183 Gambar 38. Penampakan noda dengan kristal iod ....................................................................... 184 Gambar 39. Bentuk noda aneh KLT dari senyawa senyawa-senyawa murni: (a) senyawa yang mempunyai gugus asam atau basa kuat; (b) permukaan penyerap rusak pada penotolan; (c) senyawa dikembangkan dengan pelarut yang sangat polar. ........................................................................................................................ 186 Gambar 40. Kromatografis Gas (GC) .................................................................................................. 188 Gambar 41. Skema Sistim Kromatografi Gas .................................................................................. 188 Gambar 42. Sistem injeksi split ............................................................................................................ 190 viii DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 1. Skala indek refraksi internasional ICUMSA untuk larutan Sakarosa murni suhu 20°C dan 589 nm ........................................................................................................................ 32 Tabel 2. Koreksi hubungan antara faksi massa larutan sakarosa dengan indek refraksi pads 589 nm apabila suhu pengukuran tidak pada 20 oC .......................................... 36 Tabel 3. Panjang gelombang, warna yang diserap dan warna komplementer ...................... 70 Tabel 4. Suhu Nyala pada Proses Atomisasi ........................................................................................ 82 Tabel 5. Jenis-jenis Pelarut untuk Kromatografi Kertas .............................................................. 170 Tabel 6. Jenis Penyerap untuk Kromatografi Lapisan Tipis ....................................................... 181 Tabel 7. Zat-zat penampak noda dan metodenya .......................................................................... 185 Tabel 8. Harga Rf untuk berbagai macam pelarut ......................................................................... 204 Next >