1 i KATA PENGANTAR Kurikulum 2013 dirancang untuk memperkuat kompetensi siswa dari sisi sikap, pengetahuan dan keterampilan secara utuh. Keutuhan tersebut menjadi dasar dalam perumusan kompetensi dasar tiap mata pelajaran mencakup kompetensi dasar kelompok sikap, kompetensi dasar kelompok pengetahuan, dan kompetensi dasar kelompok keterampilan. Semua mata pelajaran dirancang mengikuti rumusan tersebut. Pembelajaran kelas X dan XI jenjang Pendidikan Menengah Kejuruhan yang disajikan dalam buku ini juga tunduk pada ketentuan tersebut. Buku siswa ini diberisi materi pembelajaran yang membekali peserta didik dengan pengetahuan, keterampilan dalam menyajikan pengetahuan yang dikuasai secara kongkrit dan abstrak, dan sikap sebagai makhluk yang mensyukuri anugerah alam semesta yang dikaruniakan kepadanya melalui pemanfaatan yang bertanggung jawab. Buku ini menjabarkan usaha minimal yang harus dilakukan siswa untuk mencapai kompetensi yang diharuskan. Sesuai dengan pendekatan yang digunakan dalam kurikulum 2013, siswa diberanikan untuk mencari dari sumber belajar lain yang tersedia dan terbentang luas di sekitarnya. Peran guru sangat penting untuk meningkatkan dan menyesuaikan daya serp siswa dengan ketersediaan kegiatan buku ini. Guru dapat memperkayanya dengan kreasi dalam bentuk kegiatan-kegiatan lain yang sesuai dan relevan yang bersumber dari lingkungan sosial dan alam. Buku ini sangat terbuka dan terus dilakukan perbaikan dan penyempurnaan. Untuk itu, kami mengundang para pembaca memberikan kritik, saran, dan masukan untuk perbaikan dan penyempurnaan. Atas kontribusi tersebut, kami ucapkan terima kasih. Mudah-mudahan kita dapat memberikan yang terbaik bagi kemajuan dunia pendidikan dalam rangka mempersiapkan generasi seratus tahun Indonesia Merdeka (2045). ii DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ..................................................................................................................................... i DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................................................................... ii DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................................................................... iv PETA KEDUDUKAN BAHAN AJAR ........................................................................................................ x GLOSARIUM ................................................................................................................................................. xi I. PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................................................................... 1 A. Deskripsi ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1. Agricultural Engineering............................................................................................................ 3 2. Agricultural Mechanization atau Farm Mechanization .................................................. 4 B. Prasyarat ................................................................................................................................................ 6 C. Petunjuk Penggunaan ....................................................................................................................... 7 D. Tujuan Akhir Pembelajaran ........................................................................................................... 7 E. Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar .................................................................................... 7 F. Cek Kemampuan Awal ...................................................................................................................... 9 II. PEMBELAJARAN .................................................................................................................................. 10 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 1. Identifikasi jenis alat dan mesin produksi pertanian, laboratorium, klimatologi, penyimpanan dan prosesing. ........................................................ 10 A. Deskripsi ............................................................................................................................................. 10 B. Kegiatan Pembelajaran ................................................................................................................. 13 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ............................................................................................................... 13 2. Uraian materi .............................................................................................................................. 13 3. Refleksi.........................................................................................................................................150 4. Tugas.............................................................................................................................................151 5. Tes Formatif ...............................................................................................................................153 C. Penilaian ...........................................................................................................................................154 iii Kegiatan Pembelajaran 2. Fungsi bagian-bagian alat dan mesin produksi pertanian, laboratorium, klimatologi, penyimpanan dan prosesing .......................................................156 A. Deskripsi ...........................................................................................................................................156 B. Kegiatan Pembelajaran ...............................................................................................................156 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran .............................................................................................................156 2. Uraian Materi.............................................................................................................................156 3. Refleksi.........................................................................................................................................270 4. Tugas.............................................................................................................................................271 5. Tes Formatif ...............................................................................................................................273 C. Penilaian ...........................................................................................................................................273 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 3 : Prinsip dan prosedur kerja alat dan mesin produksi pertanian, laboratorium, klimatologi, penyimpanan dan prosesing .................................276 A. Deskripsi ...........................................................................................................................................276 B. Kegiatan Pembelajaran ...............................................................................................................277 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran .............................................................................................................277 2. Uraian materi ............................................................................................................................277 Gabah hendaknya sudah betul-betul dengan kadar air 20-22%(maksimum). Gabah akan hancur/pecah jika kadar airnya lebih besar. ...................................................................301 3. Refleksi.........................................................................................................................................318 4. Tugas.............................................................................................................................................319 5. Tes Formatif ...............................................................................................................................321 C. Penilaian ...........................................................................................................................................321 III. PENUTUP ............................................................................................................................................324 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................................................................325 iv DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1. Sistem Produksi Pertanian ............................................................................................ 10 Gambar 2. Proses Produksi Pertanian dan Prosesingnya ....................................................... 11 Gambar 3. Klasifikasi Motor Listrik. ................................................................................................ 15 Gambar 4. Motor DC............................................................................................................................... 16 Gambar 5. MotorSinkron. .................................................................................................................... 19 Gambar 6. MotorInduksi. ..................................................................................................................... 20 Gambar 7. Motor Bakar bensin 4 langkah (kiri) motor diesel 4 langkah (kanan) ........ 23 Gambar 8. Pandangan samping dan atas traktor beroda tunggal ........................................ 27 Gambar 9. Traktor Beroda Dua (hand tractor) ........................................................................... 28 Gambar 10. Pandangan samping dan atas traktor beroda dua ............................................. 28 Gambar 11. Mini Traktor ..................................................................................................................... 29 Gambar 12. Traktor Besar (Farm Traktor) ................................................................................... 30 Gambar 13. Traktor Standar Roda Ganda ..................................................................................... 30 Gambar 14. Traktor Sistem Fergusen ............................................................................................. 31 Gambar 15. Traktor Portal .................................................................................................................. 32 Gambar 16. Traktor Lereng (tampak depan dan tampak atas) ............................................ 32 Gambar 17. Bajak Singkal satu arah ................................................................................................ 35 Gambar 18. Bajak Singkal Dua Arah (empat singkal) ............................................................... 36 Gambar 19. Bajak singkal ditarik traktor besar (16 singkal) ................................................ 37 Gambar 20. Bajak Piring (Dua Piringan) ....................................................................................... 37 Gambar 21. Bajak Piring (Empat Piringan) .................................................................................. 38 Gambar 22. Bajak Rotary Traktor Besar Empat Roda .............................................................. 39 Gambar 23. Bajak Rotary Hand Traktor Roda Dua .................................................................... 39 Gambar 24. Bajak Rotary Traktor Roda dua (kiri) Roda Empat (kanan) ......................... 40 Gambar 25. Garu Sisir Untuk Lahan Kering .................................................................................. 40 Gambar 26. Garu Piring (Disc Harrow) Tepi Bergelombang .................................................. 41 Gambar 27. Garu Piring Tepi Rata .................................................................................................... 41 v Gambar 28. Alat Penanam Sistem Baris Lebar ............................................................................ 43 Gambar 29. Alat Penanam Sistem Baris Sempit ......................................................................... 44 Gambar 30. Alat Penanam Sistem Baris Sebar ............................................................................ 45 Gambar 31. Alat Penyebar Rabuk (Pupuk kandang) ................................................................ 47 Gambar 32. Alat Penyebar Pupuk (Broad cast – Applicator) ................................................. 48 Gambar 33. Alat penyebar pupuk cair dan gas ........................................................................... 49 Gambar 34. Bambu Runcing Pendek ............................................................................................... 53 Gambar 35. Alat Penyiang Tajak ....................................................................................................... 54 Gambar 36. Alat Penyiang Kored ...................................................................................................... 54 Gambar 37. Beberapa Garpu dan Sekop Kecil Pendek ............................................................. 55 Gambar 38. Garpu Gagang Panjang ................................................................................................. 56 Gambar 39. Cangkul alat penyiangan ............................................................................................. 56 Gambar 40. Landak Lahan Kering .................................................................................................... 57 Gambar 41. Garu Berbentuk Sisir ..................................................................................................... 58 Gambar 42. Kultivator yang dipasang di bagian tengah .......................................................... 59 Gambar 43. Kultivator 4 baris ............................................................................................................ 60 Gambar 44. Kultivator yang digandengkan pada bagian tengah dan belakang ............ 61 Gambar 45. Kultivator Lister 8 Baris .............................................................................................. 61 Gambar 46. Kultivator Landak........................................................................................................... 62 Gambar 47. Sprayer otomatis (kiri) - sprayer semi otomatis (kanan) .............................. 67 Gambar 48. Alat semprot jenis Atamozer ..................................................................................... 68 Gambar 49. Alat penyemprot jenis udara bertekanan ............................................................. 69 Gambar 50. Alat Penyemprot Jenis Gendong (knapsack)........................................................ 70 Gambar 51. Alat Penyemprot Sistem Hidrolik ............................................................................ 70 Gambar 52. Alat Penghembus Ditarik Hewan ............................................................................. 71 Gambar 53. Alat penghembus bermesin sendiri yang ditarik kuda .................................... 72 Gambar 54. Alat penghembus dengan tenaga PTO traktor .................................................... 73 Gambar 55. Skema kerja alat penghembus bertenaga motor sendiri atau dari PTO traktor ................................................................................................................................ 73 Gambar 56. Pompa Plunyer ................................................................................................................ 75 vi Gambar 57. Pompa Torak .................................................................................................................... 76 Gambar 58. Pompa Sentrifugal .......................................................................................................... 77 Gambar 59. Alat Ketam Padi (Reaper) ............................................................................................ 79 Gambar 60. Mesin Tuai dan Pengikat (Binder) ........................................................................... 80 Gambar 61. Alat Panen “Mini Combine” ......................................................................................... 81 Gambar 62. Mesin Panen Padi “Combine” ..................................................................................... 82 Gambar 63. Mesin Pengering Biji “Grain Dryer” ................................................................. 84 Gambar 64. Alat pengering biji-bijian model “sangrai” .......................................................... 86 Gambar 65. Paddy Threshertenaga manual ............................................................................ 88 Gambar 66. Paddy Thresherdengan tenaga mesin ............................................................. 89 Gambar 67. Alat pengupas gabah (Huller) ................................................................................ 91 Gambar 68. Pegas Setelan Rol Karet ........................................................................................... 95 Gambar 69. Mesin Penyosoh Tipe Gesekan ..............................................................................100 Gambar 70. Penyosoh tanpa tekanan angin (Engelberg).................................................101 Gambar 71. Mesin penyosoh beras tipe silinder ..................................................................102 Gambar 72. Oven listrik ......................................................................................................................105 Gambar 73. Moisture Tester-OHAUS ..............................................................................................106 Gambar 74. Analitical Ballance-OHAUS .......................................................................................107 Gambar 75. Mikroskop Binokuler ..................................................................................................108 Gambar 76. Mikroskop Cahaya ........................................................................................................109 Gambar 77. Mikroskop Stereo .........................................................................................................111 Gambar 78. Mikroskop Elektron .....................................................................................................112 Gambar 79. Mikroskop Ultraviolet.................................................................................................113 Gambar 80. Inkubator .........................................................................................................................115 Gambar 81. “Laminar air flow” .......................................................................................................120 Gambar 82. Beberapa Macam Ukuran Erlenmeyer .................................................................122 Gambar 83. Autoklaf ............................................................................................................................124 Gambar 84. Cawan petris / Petridish ............................................................................................125 Gambar 85. Gelas Ukur Dalam Berbagai Ukuran Volume .....................................................126 Gambar 86. Shaker(penggojok) ......................................................................................................128 vii Gambar 87. Neraca Analisis ..............................................................................................................128 Gambar 88. Anemometer tiga mangkok ......................................................................................135 Gambar 89. Campbel Stokes .............................................................................................................138 Gambar 90. Psychrometer Bola Basah Dan Bola Kering .......................................................142 Gambar 91. Thermometer Maksimum ........................................................................................143 Gambar 92. Thermometer Minimum ............................................................................................144 Gambar 93. Thermohygrograph .....................................................................................................145 Gambar 94. Actinograph ....................................................................................................................145 Gambar 95. Barometer .......................................................................................................................146 Gambar 96. Penakar hujan jenis hellman ....................................................................................147 Gambar 97. Evaporimeter Panci Terbuka ...................................................................................148 Gambar 98. Thermometer Apung ...................................................................................................149 Gambar 99. Tutup Kepala Silinder ( Cylinder Head Cover ) ..................................................157 Gambar 100. Kepala Silinder ( Cylinder Head ) .........................................................................158 Gambar 101. Blok Silinder ( Cylinder Block ) .............................................................................159 Gambar 102. Torak dan kelengkapannya ...................................................................................164 Gambar 103. Batang torak ( Connecting Rod ) ...........................................................................166 Gambar 104. Pena Torak ( Piston Pin ) .........................................................................................166 Gambar 105. Poros engkol ( Crank Shaft ) ..................................................................................167 Gambar 106. Fly wheel (roda penerus) .......................................................................................168 Gambar 107. Mekanisme Katup ......................................................................................................169 Gambar 108. Karburator dan sistem aliran bahan bakar .....................................................171 Gambar 109. Pompa Injeksi (pada motor diesel) ....................................................................172 Gambar 110. Sistem Pelumasan pada Motor Bensin ..............................................................174 Gambar 111. Sistem pelumasan pada motor diesel ................................................................175 Gambar 112. Motor Diesel dengan pendingin sistem hopper .............................................177 Gambar 113. Motor dengan sistem pendingin radiator ........................................................178 Gambar 114. Sistem Pengapian (Motor Bensin) ......................................................................179 Gambar 115. Bagian-bagian motor diesel satu silinder tipe horizontal ..........................180 Gambar 116. Sistem bahan bakar motor diesel ........................................................................181 viiiGambar 117. Kopling tipe pelat tunggal ......................................................................................192 Gambar 118. As PTO ............................................................................................................................194 Gambar 119. Drawbar .........................................................................................................................194 Gambar 120. Three point hitch .......................................................................................................195 Gambar 121. Alat-alat kontrol .........................................................................................................195 Gambar 122. Kunci kontak ................................................................................................................197 Gambar 123. Saklar lampu ................................................................................................................197 Gambar 124. Lampu penunjuk ........................................................................................................198 Gambar 125. Bak Persneling ............................................................................................................199 Gambar 126. Tuas PTO .......................................................................................................................200 Gambar 127. Pedal pengunci garden ............................................................................................201 Gambar 128. Tuas hidrolik ................................................................................................................201 Gambar 129. Pedang kopling ...........................................................................................................202 Gambar 130. Pedal Rem .....................................................................................................................203 Gambar 131. Tuas penggerak roda depan ..................................................................................204 Gambar 132. Pedal Gas Kaki .............................................................................................................204 Gambar 133. Indikator dan saklar pada dashboard ................................................................206 Gambar 134. Kunci kontak ................................................................................................................206 Gambar 135. Tachometer ..................................................................................................................208 Gambar 136. Tuas gas .........................................................................................................................208 Gambar 137. Posisi tuas kecepatan ...............................................................................................209 Gambar 138. Tuas PTO .......................................................................................................................210 Gambar 139. Pedal kopling ...............................................................................................................210 Gambar 140. Pedal Rem (kiri dan kanan)) .................................................................................211 Gambar 141. Bagian-bagian bajak singkal ..................................................................................213 Gambar 142. Bagian-bagian Bajak Piringan ...............................................................................215 Gambar 143. Bajak rotari tipe tarik berpenggerak PTO ........................................................217 Gambar 144. Garu Piringan ..............................................................................................................220 Gambar 145. Bagian-bagian pompa torak ..................................................................................230 Gambar 146. Manset ............................................................................................................................232 Next >