DASAR PROSES PENGOLAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN & PERIKANAN 1 SMK PERTANIAN (Paket Keahlian Teknologi Pengolahan Hasil Pertanian) KELAS X SEMESTER 1 Penyusun Ir. Lily Mariana Salman, MP KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN DIREKTORAT JENDERAL PENDIDIKAN DASAR DAN MENENGAH DIREKTORAT PEMBINAAN SMK 2014 i KATA PENGANTAR Kurikulum 2013 dirancang untuk memperkuat kompetensi siswa dari sisi sikap, pengetahuan dan keterampilan secara utuh. Keutuhan tersebut menjadi dasar dalam perumusan kompetensi dasar tiap mata pelajaran mencakup kompetensi dasar kelompok sikap, kompetensi dasar kelompok pengetahuan, dan kompetensi dasar kelompok keterampilan. Semua mata pelajaran dirancang mengikuti rumusan tersebut. Pembelajaran kelas X dan XI jenjang Pendidikan Menengah Kejuruhan yang disajikan dalam buku ini juga tunduk pada ketentuan tersebut. Buku siswa ini diberisi materi pembelajaran yang membekali peserta didik dengan pengetahuan, keterapilan dalam menyajikan pengetahuan yang dikuasai secara kongkrit dan abstrak, dan sikap sebagai makhluk yang mensyukuri anugerah alam semesta yang dikaruniakan kepadanya melalui pemanfaatan yang bertanggung jawab. Buku ini menjabarkan usaha minimal yang harus dilakukan siswa untuk mencapai kompetensi yang diharuskan. Sesuai dengan pendekatan yang digunakan dalam kurikulum 2013, siswa diberanikan untuk mencari dari sumber belajar lain yang tersedia dan terbentang luas di sekitarnya. Peran guru sangat penting untuk meningkatkan dan menyesuaikan daya serp siswa dengan ketersediaan kegiatan buku ini. Guru dapat memperkayanya dengan kreasi dalam bentuk kegiatan-kegiatan lain yang sesuai dan relevan yang bersumber dari lingkungan sosial dan alam. Buku ini sangat terbuka dan terus dilakukan perbaikan dan penyempurnaan. Untuk itu, kami mengundang para pembaca memberikan kritik, saran, dan masukan untuk perbaikan dan penyempurnaan. Atas kontribusi tersebut, kami ucapkan terima kasih. Mudah-mudahan kita dapat memberikan yang terbaik bagi kemajuan dunia pendidikan dalam rangka mempersiapkan generasi seratus tahun Indonesia Merdeka (2045). ii DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................................................................ i DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................................................................... ii DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................................................................ vi DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................................................................. ix PETA KEDUDUKAN BAHAN AJAR ............................................................................................................. x GLOSARIUM ........................................................................................................................................................ xi I. PENDAHULUAN .......................................................................................................................................... 1 A. Deskripsi ................................................................................................................................................. 1 B. Prasyarat ................................................................................................................................................. 1 C. Pentunjuk Penggunaan .................................................................................................................... 2 D. Tujuan Akhir ......................................................................................................................................... 3 E. Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar .................................................................................. 4 F. Cek Kemampuan Awal ..................................................................................................................... 5 II. PEMBELAJARAN ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 1. Melakukan Teknik Konversi Bahan (25 JP) ........................... 6 A. Deskripsi ................................................................................................................................................. 6 B. Kegiatan Belajar .................................................................................................................................. 7 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................................................................................................ 7 2. Uraian Materi ................................................................................................................................ 7 3. Refleksi .......................................................................................................................................... 80 4. Tugas .............................................................................................................................................. 81 iii 5. Tes Formatif................................................................................................................................ 81 C. Penilaian .............................................................................................................................................. 81 1. Sikap ............................................................................................................................................... 81 2. Pengetahuan ............................................................................................................................... 82 3. Keterampilan .............................................................................................................................. 82 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 2. Melakukan Teknik Pengendalian Kandungan Air (20 JP) ..................................................................................................................................................... 84 A. Deskripsi .............................................................................................................................................. 84 B. Kegiatan Belajar ............................................................................................................................... 84 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ............................................................................................................. 84 2. Uraian Materi ............................................................................................................................. 85 3. Refleksi ........................................................................................................................................115 4. Tugas ............................................................................................................................................117 5. Tes Formatif..............................................................................................................................117 C. Penilaian ............................................................................................................................................117 1. Sikap .............................................................................................................................................117 2. Pengetahuan .............................................................................................................................118 3. Keterampilan ............................................................................................................................119 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 3. Melakukan Proses Penggunaan Suhu (15 JP) ..................120 A. Deskripsi ............................................................................................................................................120 B. Kegiatan Belajar .............................................................................................................................121 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ...........................................................................................................121 2. Uraian Materi ...........................................................................................................................121 iv 3. Refleksi ........................................................................................................................................163 4. Tugas ............................................................................................................................................164 5. Tes Formatif..............................................................................................................................164 C. Penilaian ............................................................................................................................................164 1. Sikap .............................................................................................................................................164 2. Pengetahuan .............................................................................................................................165 3. Keterampilan ............................................................................................................................165 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 4. Melakukan Fermentasi dan Enzimatis (25 JP) ................167 A. Deskripsi ............................................................................................................................................167 B. Kegiatan Belajar .............................................................................................................................167 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ...........................................................................................................167 2. Uraian Materi ...........................................................................................................................167 3. Refleksi ........................................................................................................................................216 4. Tugas ............................................................................................................................................217 5. Tes Formatif..............................................................................................................................217 C. Penilaian ............................................................................................................................................217 1. Sikap .............................................................................................................................................217 2. Pengetahuan .............................................................................................................................218 3. Keterampilan ............................................................................................................................218 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 5. Melakukan Teknik Kimiawi (15 JP) ......................................220 A. Deskripsi ............................................................................................................................................220 B. Kegiatan Belajar .............................................................................................................................220 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ...........................................................................................................220 v 2. Uraian Materi ...........................................................................................................................220 3. Refleksi ........................................................................................................................................266 4. Tugas ............................................................................................................................................267 5. Tes Formatif..............................................................................................................................267 C. Penilaian ............................................................................................................................................267 1. Sikap .............................................................................................................................................267 2. Pengetahuan .............................................................................................................................268 3. Keterampilan ............................................................................................................................269 III. PENUTUP ..................................................................................................................................................270 DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................................................................271 vi DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1. Contoh pisau pengupas ..................................................................................................... 14 Gambar 2. Pengecilan ukuran/memotong. .................................................................................... 15 Gambar 3. Pisau kubis .............................................................................................................................. 15 Gambar 4. Contoh pisau cincang ......................................................................................................... 15 Gambar 5. Contoh pisau pengiris. ....................................................................................................... 16 Gambar 6. Alat pembersih sisik ikan. ................................................................................................ 16 Gambar 7. Gambar contoh pemarut manual dan pemarut semi manual ........................ 17 Gambar 8. Gambar contoh pemarut masinal. ............................................................................... 18 Gambar 9. Contoh hasil pengecilan ukuran bahan kering. ..................................................... 19 Gambar 10. Hammer Mill........................................................................................................................... 20 Gambar 11. Contoh Hammermill. ........................................................................................................... 21 Gambar 12. Bagian dalam burr mill. ..................................................................................................... 22 Gambar 13. Contoh burr mill untuk biji jagung............................................................................... 23 Gambar 14. Jaw crusher ............................................................................................................................. 24 Gambar 15. Gyratory crusher. .................................................................................................................. 24 Gambar 16. Gambar prinsip kerja roll mill. ....................................................................................... 26 Gambar 17. Contoh roll mill. ..................................................................................................................... 26 Gambar 18. Ribbon blender (Lily, 2012) ............................................................................................. 38 Gambar 19. Double cone mixer (Lily, 2012) ...................................................................................... 39 Gambar 20. Twin-shell blender ................................................................................................................ 39 Gambar 21. Drum miring (Lily, 2012) ................................................................................................. 40 Gambar 22. Mixer (Lily, 2012) ................................................................................................................ 41 Gambar 23. Jenis-jenis alat pengaduk (agitator) (Lily, 2012) ................................................. 43 Gambar 24. Posisi agitator dalam tangki dan arah aliran cairan (Lily, 2012) ................. 43 Gambar 25. Hand Mixer (Lily, 2012).................................................................................................... 44 Gambar 26. Jenis-jenis homogenizer (Lily, 2012) ......................................................................... 45 Gambar 27. Gambar alat pengadon ...................................................................................................... 45 vii Gambar 28. Jenis-jenis pengaduk untuk pasta atau adonan (Lily, 2012) .......................... 46 Gambar 29. Contoh hasil proses pencampuran .............................................................................. 53 Gambar 30. Contoh proses emulsifikasi. .............................................................................................. 62 Gambar 31. Contoh produk hasil proses emulsifikasi. ................................................................ 63 Gambar 32. Contoh produk hasil ekstraksi....................................................................................... 73 Gambar 33. Proses pengeringan alami. .............................................................................................. 90 Gambar 34. Alat pengering cabinet dryer. ......................................................................................... 94 Gambar 35. Contoh pengering terowongan (tunnel dyer). ........................................................ 94 Gambar 36. Contoh pengering klin. ...................................................................................................... 95 Gambar 37. Gambar pengering semprot (Spray dryer)............................................................... 95 Gambar 38. Contoh pengering vakum (vacuum dryer) ............................................................... 95 Gambar 39. Contoh pengering drum (drum dryer) ....................................................................... 96 Gambar 40. Contoh pengering beku (freeze dryer) ....................................................................... 96 Gambar 41. Proses penguapan pada pembuatan kunyit instan. ..........................................103 Gambar 42. Evaporator efek tunggal (single effect evaporator) ...........................................106 Gambar 43. Evaporator efek majemuk pada pembuatan nira...............................................107 Gambar 44. Gambar proses perendaman. .......................................................................................115 Gambar 45. Contoh alat pendingin (refrigerator) .......................................................................130 Gambar 46. Contoh alat pembeku (freezer)....................................................................................132 Gambar 47. Produk hasil pembekuan. ..............................................................................................132 Gambar 48. Contoh kerusakan karena chilling injury. ...............................................................135 Gambar 49. Contoh mesin UHT. ...........................................................................................................145 Gambar 50. Contoh pasteurisasi dengan cara Batch Holding Process ................................147 Gambar 51. Contoh produk hasil pasteurisasi. .............................................................................148 Gambar 52. Contoh hasil blansing. ......................................................................................................152 Gambar 53. Contoh proses sterilisasi dengan retort. .................................................................154 Gambar 54. Proses ekshausting pada produk pengalengan. ..................................................155 Gambar 55. Contoh produk fermentasi dengan Saccharomyces cereviceae....................176 Gambar 56. Contoh produk fermentasi dengan bakteri asam laktat. ................................183 Gambar 57. Contoh produk fermentasi dengan bakteri asam asetat. ................................184 Next >