i i KATA PENGANTAR Kurikulum 2013 dirancang untuk memperkuat kompetensi siswa dari sisi sikap, pengetahuan dan keterampilan secara utuh. Keutuhan tersebut menjadi dasar dalam perumusan kompetensi dasar tiap mata pelajaran mencakup kompetensi dasar kelompok sikap, kompetensi dasar kelompok pengetahuan, dan kompetensi dasar kelompok keterampilan. Semua mata pelajaran dirancang mengikuti rumusan tersebut. Pembelajaran kelas X dan XI jenjang Pendidikan Menengah Kejuruhan yang disajikan dalam buku ini juga tunduk pada ketentuan tersebut. Buku siswa ini diberisi materi pembelajaran yang membekali peserta didik dengan pengetahuan, keterapilan dalam menyajikan pengetahuan yang dikuasai secara kongkrit dan abstrak, dan sikap sebagai makhluk yang mensyukuri anugerah alam semesta yang dikaruniakan kepadanya melalui pemanfaatan yang bertanggung jawab. Buku ini menjabarkan usaha minimal yang harus dilakukan siswa untuk mencapai kompetensi yang diharuskan. Sesuai dengan pendekatan yang digunakan dalam kurikulum 2013, siswa diberanikan untuk mencari dari sumber belajar lain yang tersedia dan terbentang luas di sekitarnya. Peran guru sangat penting untuk meningkatkan dan menyesuaikan daya serp siswa dengan ketersediaan kegiatan buku ini. Guru dapat memperkayanya dengan kreasi dalam bentuk kegiatan-kegiatan lain yang sesuai dan relevan yang bersumber dari lingkungan sosial dan alam. Buku ini sangat terbuka dan terus dilakukan perbaikan dan penyempurnaan. Untuk itu, kami mengundang para pembaca memberikan kritik, saran, dan masukan untuk perbaikan dan penyempurnaan. Atas kontribusi tersebut, kami ucapkan terima kasih. Mudah-mudahan kita dapat memberikan yang terbaik bagi kemajuan dunia pendidikan dalam rangka mempersiapkan generasi seratus tahun Indonesia Merdeka (2045) ii DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................................................................ i DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................................................................... ii DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................................................................. v DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................................................................vii PETA KEDUDUKAN BAHAN AJAR ......................................................................................................... viii GLOSARIUM ........................................................................................................................................................ ix I. PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Deskripsi .............................................................................................................................................. 1 A. Prasarat ................................................................................................................................................ 2 B. Petunjuk Penggunaan Buku........................................................................................................ 2 C. Tujuan Akhir ...................................................................................................................................... 3 D. Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar ( KI dan KD) ................................................... 4 E. Cek Kemampuan Awal .................................................................................................................. 6 F.II. PEMBELAJARAN .................................................................................................................................... 7 KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 1 (KD 1- 18 JP) ........................................................................... 7 Deskripsi .............................................................................................................................................. 7 A. Kegiatan Belajar ............................................................................................................................... 7 B.1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ............................................................................................................... 7 2. Uraian Materi ............................................................................................................................... 7 3. Refleksi......................................................................................................................................... 55 4. Tugas ............................................................................................................................................. 55 5. Tes Formatif .............................................................................................................................. 55 Penilaian ........................................................................................................................................... 55 C.KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 2 (KD 2-18 JP) ........................................................................ 65 Deskripsi ........................................................................................................................................... 65 A. Kegiatan Belajar ............................................................................................................................ 65 B.1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ............................................................................................................ 65 iii 2. Uraian Materi ............................................................................................................................ 65 3. Refleksi......................................................................................................................................... 76 4. Tugas ............................................................................................................................................. 76 5. Tes Formatif .............................................................................................................................. 76 Penilaian ........................................................................................................................................... 76 C.KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 3 ( KD 3– 18 JP) ...................................................................... 87 Deskripsi ........................................................................................................................................... 87 A. Kegiatan Belajar ............................................................................................................................ 87 B.1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ............................................................................................................ 87 2. Uraian Materi ............................................................................................................................ 87 3. Refleksi.......................................................................................................................................107 4. Tugas ...........................................................................................................................................107 5. Tes Formatif ............................................................................................................................107 Penilaian .........................................................................................................................................108 C.KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 4 ( KD 4- 18 JP ) ....................................................................118 Deskripsi .........................................................................................................................................118 A. Kegiatan Belajar ..........................................................................................................................118 B.1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ..........................................................................................................118 2. Uraian Materi ..........................................................................................................................118 3. Refleksi.......................................................................................................................................148 4. Tugas ...........................................................................................................................................149 5. Tes Formatif ............................................................................................................................149 Penilaian .........................................................................................................................................149 C.KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 5 ( KD 5- 18 JP ) ....................................................................159 Deskripsi .........................................................................................................................................159 A. Kegiatan Belajar ..........................................................................................................................159 B.1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ..........................................................................................................159 2. Uraian Materi ..........................................................................................................................160 3. Refleksi.......................................................................................................................................238 b. Apa yang akan anda lakukan setelah menyelesaikan pembelajaran ini ? .238 iv c. Tuliskan secara ringkas apa yang anda pelajari pada kegiatan pembelajaran ini! ..................................................................................................................238 4. Tugas ...........................................................................................................................................238 Penilaian .........................................................................................................................................239 C.III. PENUTUP ..............................................................................................................................................252 DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................................................................253 v DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1. Escherichia coli dilihat dengan mikroskop elektron (a) dan Escherichia coli dilihat dengan mikroskop cahaya (b) ...................................................................................................... 8 Gambar 2. Mikroskop cahaya dan bagian-bagiannya (a) ............................................................... 9 Gambar 3. Cara Menggunakan Mikroskop ......................................................................................... 11 Gambar 4. Saccharomyces .......................................................................................................................... 17 Gambar 5. Kelompok Jamur ....................................................................................................................... 26 Gambar 6. Tempe dan Jamur Tempe .................................................................................................... 28 Gambar 7. Jamur shitake, Jamur kuping, Ganoderma sp. ........................................................... 31 Gambar 8. Konidium Aspergillus sp ....................................................................................................... 34 Gambar 9. Penampakan berbagai jenis bakteri ............................................................................... 36 Gambar 10. Struktur Dasar Sel Bakteri ................................................................................................ 38 Gambar 11. Flagelum .................................................................................................................................... 38 Gambar 12. Pilus ............................................................................................................................................. 39 Gambar 13. Jumlah dan posisi flagelum pada bakteri .................................................................. 42 Gambar 14. Escherichia coli di usus sapi. ............................................................................................ 49 Gambar 15. Autoclave .................................................................................................................................. 96 Gambar 16. Oven sterilisasi alat-alat gelas ........................................................................................ 99 Gambar 17. Proses sterilisasi alat-alat gelas ...................................................................................100 Gambar 18. Sterilisasi alat- alat gelas .................................................................................................100 Gambar 19. Media dalam cawan petri ................................................................................................119 Gambar 20. Jarum ose ................................................................................................................................120 Gambar 21. Encast .......................................................................................................................................120 Gambar 22. Inkubator ................................................................................................................................120 Gambar 23. A. Teknik gores dengan agar miring; b. Teknik tusuk ...................................121 Gambar 24. Metode Cawan Gores ........................................................................................................122 Gambar 25. Teknik Gores T .....................................................................................................................124 Gambar 26. Teknik Gores Sinambung ................................................................................................124 vi Gambar 27. Gores Kuadran......................................................................................................................125 Gambar 28. Metode Cawan Tuang .......................................................................................................126 Gambar 29. Metode Swab .........................................................................................................................127 Gambar 30. Ciri- ciri koloni .....................................................................................................................131 Gambar 31. Prosedur Pewarnaan Sederhana .................................................................................135 Gambar 32. Proses Pewarnaan ..............................................................................................................137 Gambar 33. Gambar Prosedur Pewarnaan Gram ..........................................................................143 Gambar 34. Teknik Menggores ..............................................................................................................147 Gambar 35. Beragam Produk Fermentasi Susu Menggunakan BAL (Anonim, 2005) .202 Gambar 36. Produksi Yoghurt Skala Industri .................................................................................203 Gambar 37. Proses Malting pada Pembuatan Bir (Anonim, 2006) ......................................211 Gambar 38. Diagram Alir Pembuatan Wine (Anonim, 2006) .................................................214 Gambar 39. Produksi Wine Secara Komersial (Anonim, 2005) .............................................215 Gambar 40. Bagan proses pembuatan kompos konvensional ................................................230 Gambar 41. Bagan pembuatan komposdengan starter .............................................................234 vii DAFTAR TABEL Table 1. Bagian-Bagian Mikroskop dan Fungsinya ........................................................................... 9 Table 2. Bakteri pembentu spora yang berperan dalam kerusakan makanan ................. 18 Table 3. Mikroorganisme yang Berperan dalam Pembuatan Makanan dan Minuman 50 Table 4. Klasifikasi media pertumbuhan mikrobia ........................................................................ 69 Table 5. Jumlah medium dan wadah yang digunakan .................................................................. 72 Table 6. Macam-Macam Fermentasi Karbohidrat (Anonim 2006) ......................................191 Table 7. Jenis Khamir dan Wine yang Dihasilkan (Anonim, 2006) .......................................208 Table 8. Jenis khamir dalam fermentasi minuman beralkohol. .............................................208 Table 9. Komposisi Berbagai Bahan Organik untuk Pembuatan Kompos (Dalzell et al. (1987 dan Gaur (1982) ..............................................................................................................................221 viii PETA KEDUDUKAN BAHAN AJAR PAKET KEAHLIAN KIMIA ANALIS TDPLK SEMESTER-1 AKD SEMESTER-1 KIM OR SEMESTER-1 MIKRO BIOLOGI SEMESTER-1 TDPLK SEMESTER-2 AKD SEMESTER-2 KIM OR SEMESTER-2 MIKRO BIOLOGI SEMESTER-2 ATG SEMESTER-3 KIM ANALITIK TERAPAN SEMESTER-ANALISIS INSTRUMEN SEMESTER-3 ATG SEMESTER-4 KIM ANALITIK TERAPAN SEMESTER-ANALISIS INSTRUMEN SEMESTER-4 MAN LAB SEMESTER-5 KIM ANALITIK TERAPAN SEMESTER-ANALISIS INSTRUMEN SEMESTER-5 ANALISIS KITER SEMESTER-5 MAN LAB SEMESTER-6 KIM ANALITIK TERAPAN SEMESTER-ANALISIS INSTRUMEN SEMESTER-6 ANALISIS KITER SEMESTER-6 C2 SEMESTER-1 C2 SEMESTER-2 C3 SEMESTER-3 C3 SEMESTER-4 C3 SEMESTER-5 C3 SEMESTER-6 BUKU TEKS YANG SEDANG DIPELAJARI Next >