i i KATA PENGANTAR Kurikulum 2013 dirancang untuk memperkuat kompetensi siswa dari sisi sikap, pengetahuan dan keterampilan secara utuh. Keutuhan tersebut menjadi dasar dalam perumusan kompetensi dasar tiap mata pelajaran mencakup kompetensi dasar kelompok sikap, kompetensi dasar kelompok pengetahuan, dan kompetensi dasar kelompok keterampilan. Semua mata pelajaran dirancang mengikuti rumusan tersebut. Pembelajaran kelas X dan XI jenjang Pendidikan Menengah Kejuruhan yang disajikan dalam buku ini juga tunduk pada ketentuan tersebut. Buku siswa ini diberisi materi pembelajaran yang membekali peserta didik dengan pengetahuan, keterapilan dalam menyajikan pengetahuan yang dikuasai secara kongkrit dan abstrak, dan sikap sebagai makhluk yang mensyukuri anugerah alam semesta yang dikaruniakan kepadanya melalui pemanfaatan yang bertanggung jawab. Buku ini menjabarkan usaha minimal yang harus dilakukan siswa untuk mencapai kompetensi yang diharuskan. Sesuai dengan pendekatan yang digunakan dalam kurikulum 2013, siswa diberanikan untuk mencari dari sumber belajar lain yang tersedia dan terbentang luas di sekitarnya. Peran guru sangat penting untuk meningkatkan dan menyesuaikan daya serp siswa dengan ketersediaan kegiatan buku ini. Guru dapat memperkayanya dengan kreasi dalam bentuk kegiatan-kegiatan lain yang sesuai dan relevan yang bersumber dari lingkungan sosial dan alam. Buku ini sangat terbuka dan terus dilakukan perbaikan dan penyempurnaan. Untuk itu, kami mengundang para pembaca memberikan kritik, saran, dan masukan untuk perbaikan dan penyempurnaan. Atas kontribusi tersebut, kami ucapkan terima kasih. Mudah-mudahan kita dapat memberikan yang terbaik bagi kemajuan dunia pendidikan dalam rangka mempersiapkan generasi seratus tahun Indonesia Merdeka (2045). ii DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................................................................................... i DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................................................................................... ii DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................................................................................... v DAFTAR TABEL.......................................................................................................................................................... vii PETA KEDUDUKAN BAHAN AJAR ................................................................................................................. viii GLOSARIUM....................................................................................................................................................................ix I. PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................................................................................................1 A. Deskripsi ..................................................................................................................................................................1 B. Prasyarat..................................................................................................................................................................2 C. Petunjuk Penggunaan ......................................................................................................................................2 D. Tujuan Akhir..........................................................................................................................................................2 E. Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar ..............................................................................................3 F. Cek Kemampuan Awal ....................................................................................................................................4 II. PEMBELAJARAN .....................................................................................................................................................5 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 1. Peranan Irigasi dalam Bidang Pertanian ...........................................5 A. Deskripsi ..................................................................................................................................................................5 B. Kegiatan Belajar ..................................................................................................................................................5 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran .............................................................................................................................5 2. Uraian Materi ..............................................................................................................................................5 3. Tugas .............................................................................................................................................................60 4. Refleksi .........................................................................................................................................................62 5. Tes Formatif ..............................................................................................................................................63 C. Penilaian ...............................................................................................................................................................65 1. Penilaian Sikap ........................................................................................................................................66 2. Penilaian Pengetahuan .......................................................................................................................68 3. Penilaian Keterampilan .....................................................................................................................69 iii Kegiatan Pembelajaran 2. Evapotranspirasi............................................................................................73 A. Deskripsi ...............................................................................................................................................................73 B. Kegiatan Belajar ...............................................................................................................................................73 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ..........................................................................................................................73 2. Uraian Materi ...........................................................................................................................................73 3. Refleksi .........................................................................................................................................................87 4. Tugas .............................................................................................................................................................87 5. Tes Formatif ..............................................................................................................................................88 C. Penilaian ...............................................................................................................................................................89 1. Penilaian Sikap ........................................................................................................................................90 2. Penilaian Pengetahuan .......................................................................................................................92 3. Penilaian Keterampilan .....................................................................................................................94 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 3. Sumber-sumber Air Irigasi ......................................................................96 A. Deskripsi ...............................................................................................................................................................96 B. Kegiatan Belajar ...............................................................................................................................................96 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ..........................................................................................................................96 2. Uraian Materi ...........................................................................................................................................96 3. Refleksi ......................................................................................................................................................155 4. Tugas ..........................................................................................................................................................155 5. Tes Formatif ...........................................................................................................................................156 C. Penilaian ............................................................................................................................................................159 1. Penilaian Sikap .....................................................................................................................................159 2. Penilaian Pengetahuan ....................................................................................................................161 3. Penilaian Keterampilan ..................................................................................................................165 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 4. Kebutuhan Air Irigasi ...............................................................................166 A. Deskripsi ............................................................................................................................................................166 B. Kegiatan Belajar ............................................................................................................................................166 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran .......................................................................................................................166 2. Uraian Materi ........................................................................................................................................166 3. Refleksi ......................................................................................................................................................199 iv 4. Tugas ..........................................................................................................................................................200 5. Tes Formatif ...........................................................................................................................................200 C. Penilaian ............................................................................................................................................................201 1. Penilaian Sikap .....................................................................................................................................201 2. Penilaian Pengetahuan ....................................................................................................................203 3. Penilaian Keterampilan ..................................................................................................................206 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 5. Penjadwalan Irigasi ...................................................................................208 A. Deskripsi ............................................................................................................................................................208 B. Kegiatan Belajar ............................................................................................................................................208 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran .......................................................................................................................208 2. Uraian Materi ........................................................................................................................................208 3. Refleksi ......................................................................................................................................................244 4. Tugas ..........................................................................................................................................................244 5. Tes Formatif ...........................................................................................................................................245 C. Penilaian ............................................................................................................................................................248 1. Penilaian Sikap .....................................................................................................................................248 2. Penilaian Pengetahuan ....................................................................................................................251 3. Penilaian Keterampilan ..................................................................................................................255 III. PENUTUP............................................................................................................................................................256 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................................................................................257 v DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1. Sawah yang mengalami kekeringan .......................................................................................6 Gambar 2. Sistem irigasi mesir kuno...........................................................................................................13 Gambar 3. Sistem irigasi Subak.......................................................................................................................13 Gambar 4. Lokasi Waduk Jatiluhur ...............................................................................................................17 Gambar 5. Konstruksi Waduk Jatiluhur.....................................................................................................18 Gambar 6. Proses penguapan dari badan air..........................................................................................75 Gambar 7. Komponen kesetimbangan energi pada tanaman ......................................................75 Gambar 8. Skema stomata pada daun tanaman....................................................................................77 Gambar 9. Fraksi evaporasi dan transpirasi pada proses evapotranspirasi ......................78 Gambar 10. Skema faktor penentu evapotranspirasi .......................................................................80 Gambar 11. Skema perhitungan evapotranspirasi actual ..............................................................81 Gambar 12. Panci Evaporasi Kelas A ...........................................................................................................84 Gambar 13. Siklus hidrologi..............................................................................................................................98 Gambar 14. Proses umum pembentukan awan .................................................................................101 Gambar 15. Proses pembentukan awan konvektif .........................................................................102 Gambar 16. Hujan Konvektif .........................................................................................................................103 Gambar 17. Hujan Frontal ...............................................................................................................................104 Gambar 18. Hujan Orografis ..........................................................................................................................105 Gambar 19. Alat penakar hujan biasa ......................................................................................................106 Gambar 20. Alat penakar hujan otomatis ..............................................................................................108 Gambar 21. Lokasi penempatan alat penakar hujan ......................................................................108 Gambar 22. Poligon Thiesen ..........................................................................................................................110 Gambar 23. Ilustrasi pengukuran curah dengan cara isohyet ..................................................113 Gambar 24. Daerah aliran sungai ................................................................................................................115 Gambar 25. Pola aliran radial ........................................................................................................................116 Gambar 26. Pola aliran rektangular ...........................................................................................................117 Gambar 27. Pola aliran trelis..........................................................................................................................117 vi Gambar 28. Pola aliran dendritik ................................................................................................................118 Gambar 29. Sungai sebagai salah satu sumber air irigasi .............................................................118 Gambar 30. Danau sebagai sumber air irigasi .....................................................................................126 Gambar 31. Sumber air permukaan di bekas penambangan ......................................................127 Gambar 32. Air terjun sebagai sumber irigasi .....................................................................................129 Gambar 33. Air tanah..........................................................................................................................................130 Gambar 34. Penampang sungai ...................................................................................................................143 Gambar 35. Current Meter ..............................................................................................................................144 Gambar 36. Pengisian air tanah...................................................................................................................153 Gambar 37. Pengolahan Tanah Sawah ....................................................................................................176 Gambar 38. Pengukuran Laju Permeabilitas .......................................................................................183 Gambar 39. Priode Pertumbuhan Tanaman Padi .............................................................................192 Gambar 40. Pola Tanam Tumpang Sari...................................................................................................213 Gambar 41. Pola tanam jagung dan kacang tanah............................................................................214 Gambar 42. Pola Tanam Campuran...........................................................................................................216 Gambar 43. Pola Tanam Bergiliran ...........................................................................................................217 Gambar 44. Tensiometer .................................................................................................................................226 Gambar 45. Termometer bola kering dan bola basah ...................................................................230 Gambar 46. Penggenangan terus menerus ...........................................................................................232 Gambar 47. Irigasi terputus-putus.............................................................................................................233 Gambar 48. Irigasi gravitasi ...........................................................................................................................236 Gambar 49. Sistem irigasi bawah permukaan. ...................................................................................237 Gambar 50. Sistem irigasi Curah .................................................................................................................237 Gambar 51. Sistem irigasi tetes....................................................................................................................238 vii DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 1. Koefisien Tanaman (Kc) Padi Menurut Nedeco/Prosida dan FAO .........................81 Tabel 2. Kisaran nilai koefisien panci pada berbagai level kecepatan angin dan kelembaban udara.................................................................................................................................85 Tabel 3. Kisaran nilai ET pada berbagai kondisi iklim wilayah ...................................................85 Tabel 4. Perhitungan curah hujan cara poligon Thiessen.............................................................112 Tabel 5. Perhitungan curah hujan cara isohet .....................................................................................113 Tabel 6. Klasifikasi air irigasi berdasarkan nilai SAR ......................................................................140 Tabel 7. Klasifikasi air irigasi menurut US-Salinity Laboratory................................................140 Tabel 8. Klasifikasi air irigasi menurut Scofield .................................................................................140 Tabel 9. Kebutuhan air untuk penyiapan lahan padi sawah (mm).........................................176 Tabel 10. Kebutuhan air untuk Penyiapan Lahan (mm) ..............................................................178 Tabel 11. Harga-harga koefisien tanaman padi dengan varietas unggul dan varitas biasa .........................................................................................................................................................179 Tabel 12. Data evaporasi Rata-rata setengah bulanan ...................................................................180 Tabel 13. Hasil Hitungan Evaporasi Potensial (ETo).......................................................................181 Tabel 14. Contoh Analisis Evapotranspirasi .........................................................................................181 Tabel 15. Hasil Analisis Kebutuhan Air Tanaman Padi ..................................................................187 Tabel 16. Koefisien berbagai jenis tanaman palawija .....................................................................194 Tabel 17. Koefisien tanaman tebu ...............................................................................................................194 Tabel 18. Hasil Analisis Kebutuhan Air untuk Palawija.................................................................195 Tabel 19. Kebutuhan air di Bangunan Pengambilan daerah irigasi Ploso..........................199 Tabel 20. Pola tanam ...........................................................................................................................................221 Tabel 21. Persen kelembaban suhu............................................................................................................229 viii PETA KEDUDUKAN BAHAN AJAR Next >