DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK SIPIL DAN PERENCANAAN PPPPTK BMTI GAMBAR KONSTRUKSI BANGUNAN SEMESTER 3 KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA PUSAT PENGEMBANGAN DAN PEMBERDAYAAN PENDIDIKDAN TENAGA KEPENDIDIKAN BIDANG MESIN DAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI 2013 2 KATA PENGANTAR Salah satu upaya yang dapat langsung dimanfaatkan di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan adalah adanya bahan pelajaran sebagai pegangan, pembuka pikiran ataupun bekal dalam mempelajari sesuatu yang dapat berguna bila terjun ke dunia industri sesuai dengan keahliannya. Dengan strategi ini diharapkan bertambah minat baca bagi kalangan pelajar sehingga wawasannya menjadi berkembang. Dengan adanya dorongan dari masyarakat dan pemerintah yang ikut berperan aktif dalam pengembangan pendidikan, diharapkan dapat diwujudkan secara terus-menerus. Buku Gambar Konstruksi Bangunan Semester 3ini, merupakan salah satu pengetahuan bagaimana menggambar secara baik dan benar sesuai dengan kaidah konstruksi bangunan. Di samping itu kebenaran konstruksi dalam gambar teknik akan banyak membantu dalam menentukan kualitas bangunan. Dalam buku ini dibahas tentang bagaimana menggambar suatu konstruksi bangunan sesuai kaidah perencanaan standar perencanaan bangunan yang berlaku saat ini.Kiranya apa yang dituangkan dalam buku ini sudah berpedoman pada standar kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar dan apabila ada suatu yang kurang berkenan baik isi maupun kalimat, mohon saran untuk perbaikan berikutnya. Terima Kasih Desember 2013 Penyusun, 3 DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................................ i DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................ 3 DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................................. 6 DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................... 11 BAB 1 MENGGAMBAR PROYEKSI BANGUNAN ................................................ 12 A. GAMBAR POTONGAN(SECTION) ....................................................................... 13 B. GAMBAR TAMPAK.................................................................................................... 18 Langkah kerja mengkomunikasikan gambar tampak ....................................... 22 Kelengkapan dalam mengkomunikasikan gambar. .................................... 24 C. Membuat Kelengkapan Gambar ..................................................................................... 27 Daftar Gambar .................................................................................................. 28 Membuat Gambar Catatan dan Legenda Umum .............................................. 32 Menggambar Lembar Halaman Muka dan Informasinya ................................ 33 Mengatur tata Letak Gambar Manual ............................................................... 34 Membuat Format Lembar Gambar ................................................................... 36 BAB 2 MENGGAMBAR PONDASI ...................................................................... 39 A. DAYA DUKUNG TANAH ........................................................................................... 39 Pondasi Umpak ................................................................................................. 40 Pondasi Menerus .............................................................................................. 41 Pondasi Setempat .............................................................................................. 41 Cara Menghitung Ukuran Pondasi ................................................................... 42 4 B. MACAM-MACAM PONDASI ...................................................................................... 45 Pondasi Pasangan Batu Kali ............................................................................. 46 Pondasi Batu Bata ............................................................................................. 48 Menggambar Konstruksi Rollag pada Dinding ................................................ 51 Menggambar Konstruksi Pondasi Telapak Beton Bertulang ........................... 58 Menggambar Konstruksi Pondasi tiang Pancang ............................................. 64 C. MACAM DINDING PENAHAN TANAH ................................................................... 65 Dinding Penahan Tanah Type Grafitasi (Konstruksi) ...................................... 66 Dinding Penahan Tanah Type Cantilever (Konstruksi) ................................... 67 Dinding Penahan Tanah Type Counterfort (Konstruksi) ................................. 68 Dinding Penahan Tanah Type Buttress ............................................................ 70 Dinding Penahan Tanah Non Konstruksi ......................................................... 71 D. Dasar Perencanaan Pondasi ............................................................................................. 72 Beban dan Reaksi Pondasi Telapak .................................................................. 72 Tebal Pondasi Telapak ..................................................................................... 74 Geser dua arah (geser-pons) : ........................................................................... 75 Tebal minimum pondasi telapak ...................................................................... 78 Momen pada Pondasi Telapak .......................................................................... 78 D. GAMBAR DETAIL ....................................................................................................... 86 E. RANGKUMAN .............................................................................................................. 89 BAB 3 MENGGAMBAR KOSNTRUKSI DINDING DAN LANTAI .......................... 90 A. BAGIAN- BAGIAN DINDING ............................................................. 90 B. GAMBAR POLA LANTAI ......................................................................................... 105 C. RANGKUMAN ............................................................................................................ 108 5 D. LATIHAN .................................................................................................................... 109 BAB 4 MENGGAMBAR KONSTRUKSI PINTU DAN JENDELA ......................... 110 A. GAMBAR KUSEN PINTU DAN JENDELA. ............................................................ 110 B. DAUN PINTU DAN JENDELA .................................................................................. 120 Daun pintu klam ............................................................................................. 123 Daun pintu panil ............................................................................................. 124 Daun Pintu Kaca ............................................................................................. 126 C. VENTILASI ................................................................................................................. 127 D. GAMBAR MACAM SAMBUNGAN DAN HUBUNGAN KAYU ............................ 132 Sambungan Kayu ............................................................................................ 133 Hubungan Kayu .............................................................................................. 137 E. GAMBAR DETAIL ..................................................................................................... 138 BAB 5 MENGGAMBAR KOSNTRUKSI BETON BERTULANG ......................... 146 A. KAIDAH STRUKTUR BANGUNAN TAHAN GEMPA .......................................... 146 B. KONSTRUKSI BANGUNAN ..................................................................................... 153 C. DASAR PERHITUNGAN BETON BERTULANG .................................................... 162 LANGKAH PERTAMA PERANCANGAN STRUKTUR BANGUNAN TINGGI/BANGUNAN BERTINGKAT BANYAK ............................. 164 D. PERHITUNGAN DIMENSI KOLOM ......................................................................... 172 Nu kolom type A ............................................................................................ 176 Nu kolom type B ............................................................................................ 176 Nu kolom type C ............................................................................................ 176 E.PERHITUNGAN BEBAN STRUKTUR ....................................................................... 178 F.TIPE STRUKTUR TABUNG DALAM TABUNG ....................................................... 178 G.PERHITUNGAN DIMENSI CORE .............................................................................. 181 6 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................ 236 DAFTAR ISTILAH/ GLOSARI ............................................................................. 238 DAFTAR GAMBAR 7 Gambar 1. 1 Denah ............................................................................................................................ 15 Gambar 1. 2 Potongan Melintang ..................................................................................................... 16 Gambar 1. 3 Gambar Potongan memanjang ...................................................................................... 17 Gambar 1. 4 Tampak depan ............................................................................................................... 24 Gambar 1. 5 Tampak samping kanan ................................................................................................. 25 Gambar 1. 6 Tampak samping kiri ..................................................................................................... 26 Gambar 1. 7 Tampak belakang .......................................................................................................... 27 Gambar 1. 8 Legenda ....................................................................................................................... 33 Gambar 1. 9 Contoh halaman muka ................................................................................................... 34 Gambar 1. 10 Identitas Gambar A ..................................................................................................... 37 Gambar 1. 11 Identitas Gambar B ..................................................................................................... 37 Gambar 1. 12 Identitas Gambar C ..................................................................................................... 38 Gambar 2. 1 Jenis Pondasi Batu Kali ................................................................................................. 48 Gambar 2. 2 Jenis Pondasi Batu Bata ................................................................................................ 50 Gambar 2. 3 Konstruksi Rollag a ...................................................................................................... 51 Gambar 2. 4 Konstruksi Rollag b...................................................................................................... 52 Gambar 2. 5 Konstruksi Rollag c ....................................................................................................... 53 Gambar 2. 6 Konstruksi Lengkung .................................................................................................. 54 Gambar 2. 7 Konstruksi Ellips a ........................................................................................................ 55 Gambar 2. 8 Konstruksi Ellips b ...................................................................................................... 56 Gambar 2. 9 Konstruksi ellips c ......................................................................................................... 57 Gambar 2. 10 Pondasi Pelat Beton..................................................................................................... 59 Gambar 2. 11 Penampang pondasi pelat beton .................................................................................. 60 Gambar 2. 12 Pondasi Pelat Beton Setempat dan Pondasi Menerus ................................................. 61 Gambar 2. 13 Pondasi Sumuran ......................................................................................................... 62 Gambar 2. 14 Pondasi Sarang Laba-laba ........................................................................................... 63 Gambar 2. 15 Pondasi Tiang Pancang .............................................................................................. 64 8 Gambar 2. 16 Tiang Pancang Beton .................................................................................................. 65 Gambar 2. 17 Dinding Penahan tanah type gravitasi ......................................................................... 66 Gambar 2. 18 Dinding penahan tanah tipe cantilever ........................................................................ 67 Gambar 2. 19 Bagian-bagian dinding penahan tanah tipe cantilever ................................................ 68 Gambar 2. 20 Dinding penahan tanah tipe counterfort ...................................................................... 68 Gambar 2. 21 Dinding penahan tanah tipe buttress ........................................................................... 70 Gambar 2. 22 Dinding penahan tanah tipe non konstruksi ................................................................ 71 Gambar 2. 24 Denah Pondasi Rumah Minimalis Modern ................................................................. 87 Gambar 2. 25 Detail Pondasi Tapak atau Pondasi Cakar Ayam ....................................................... 88 Gambar 3. 1 Bagian-bagian Bangunan Gedung................................................................................. 93 Gambar 3. 2 Macam-macam Bentuk Bata ......................................................................................... 96 Gambar 3. 3 Ikatan Setengah Bata ..................................................................................................... 99 Gambar 3. 4 Ikatan Bata Tebal ¾ Bata ............................................................................................ 100 Gambar 3. 5 Ikatan Tegak .............................................................................................................. 100 Gambar 3. 6 Ikatan Silang................................................................................................................ 101 Gambar 3. 7 Ikatan Vlam ................................................................................................................. 102 Gambar 3. 8 Jenis –jenis Batako .................................................................................................... 103 Gambar 3. 9 Bentuk Ikatan Dinding Batako .................................................................................. 104 Gambar 3. 10 Pemasangan Batu Hias Pada Dinding ..................................................................... 105 Gambar 3. 11 Penerapan Batu Hias Pada Bangunan ....................................................................... 105 Gambar 3. 12 Pola Pemasangan Keramik/Ubin Satu Ruangan ....................................................... 106 Gambar 3. 13 Pola Pemasangan Keramik/Ubin Seluruh Ruangan ................................................ 107 Gambar 4. 1 Kusen pintu tunggal dan detail .................................................................................... 112 Gambar 4. 2 Hubungan Tiang Ibu Pintu dengan Ambang Atas ...................................................... 113 Gambar 4. 3 Kusen Pintu Tunggal dengan Ventilasi Pakai Pinggang ............................................. 114 9 Gambar 4. 4 Kusen Pintu Gendong ................................................................................................. 115 Gambar 4. 5 Kusen Jendela Tunggal ............................................................................................... 116 Gambar 4. 6 Kusen Jendela dobel .................................................................................................... 117 Gambar 4. 7 Kusen Jendela dengan Ventilasi .................................................................................. 118 Gambar 4. 8 Ventilasi Tunggal ........................................................................................................ 119 Gambar 4. 9 Konstruksi Utama daun Pintu dan Jendela.................................................................. 123 Gambar 4. 10 daun pintu klam ......................................................................................................... 124 Gambar 4. 11 Daun pintu panil ........................................................................................................ 125 Gambar 4. 12 Daun pintu kaca ......................................................................................................... 126 Gambar 4. 13 Bagian kusen ............................................................................................................. 131 Gambar 4. 14 Contoh sambungan kayu ........................................................................................... 133 Gambar 4. 15 Sambungan bibir lurus .............................................................................................. 133 Gambar 4. 16 Sambungan kait lurus ................................................................................................ 134 Gambar 4. 17 Sambungan lurus miring ........................................................................................... 134 Gambar 4. 18 Sambungan kait miring ............................................................................................. 135 Gambar 4. 19 Sambungan kunci sesisi ............................................................................................ 135 Gambar 4. 20 Sambungan memanjang kunci jepit .......................................................................... 136 Gambar 4. 21 Sambungan memanjang tegak lurus .......................................................................... 136 Gambar 4. 22 Hubungan Penyiku .................................................................................................... 137 Gambar 4. 23 Hubungan Kayu silang .............................................................................................. 137 Gambar 4. 24 Hubunga pen lubang ................................................................................................. 138 Gambar 4. 25 Kosen pintU Skala 1 : 50 .......................................................................................... 139 Gambar 4. 26 Detail kusen pintu Skala 1:5 ..................................................................................... 140 Gambar 4. 27 Detail kosen jendela Skala 1 : 50 .............................................................................. 141 Gambar 4. 28 Detail kosen pintu dan jendela Skala 1 : 5 ................................................................ 142 Gambar 4. 29 Detail daun pintu panil .............................................................................................. 143 Gambar 4. 30 Gambar detail pintu kaca .......................................................................................... 144 Next >