< PreviousTEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D7II.48 Garis keterangan.................................................................226 II.49 Contoh perintah pengelasan dengan simbol.......................227 II.50 Sisi atas dan sisi bawah dari garis dasar............................227 II.51 Penunjukan dengan menggunaan garis penunjuk yang patah...................................................................................228 II.52 Sambungan las yang baik atau buruk berdasarkan bending momen................................................................................230 II.53 Sambungan las yang baik atau buruk berdasarkan konsentrasi garis las...........................................................230 II.54 Sambungan las tumpul antara dua logam yang berbeda ketebalan.............................................................................230 II.55 Sambungan las...................................................................231 II.56 Macam-macam las..............................................................231 II.57 Macam-macam las sudut....................................................232 II.58 Bentuk geometri kampuh....................................................232 II.59 Nama dari tiap-tiap bagian kampuh untuk sambungan tumpul.................................................................................232 II.60 Contoh-contoh penumpu las...............................................235 II.61 Daerah las ikat yang benar.................................................236 II.62 Diagram karakteristik sebagai jaminan kualitas pengelasan..........................................................................238 II.63 Macam-macam posisi pengelasan......................................242 II.64 Penyerapan kelembaban pada elektrode las......................242 II.65 Prosedur teknik menarik kembali awalan............................244 II.66 Macam-macam bentuk deformasi las.................................245 II.67 Metode pengaturan penyimpangan....................................246 II.68 Urutan pengerjaan..............................................................247 II.69 Macam-macam cacat las....................................................248 BAB III III.1 Mesin Las Busur Listrik.......................................................260 III.2 Sirkuit utama.......................................................................260 III.3 Sambungan kabel...............................................................261 TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D8III.4 Pemasangan elektrode.......................................................261 III.5 Penyiapan tang ampere......................................................261 III.6 Pengaturan arus mesin las busur listrik..............................262 III.7 Pemeriksaan arus mesin las busur listrik............................262 III.8 Kaca pelindung mata..........................................................264 III.9 Pakaian pelindung kerja......................................................265 III.10 Peralatan kerja....................................................................265 III.11 Posisi tubuh saat penyalaan busur listrik............................266 III.12 Proses Penyalaan busur.....................................................267 III.13 Menghentikan busur............................................................267 III.14 Penyalaan busur pada pengelasan posisi datar.................268 III.15 Posisi elektrode...................................................................268 III.16 Posisi Batang Las...............................................................268 III.17 Posisi alur busur..................................................................269 III.18 Penampang sambungan las...............................................269 III.19 Cara pemutusan arus..........................................................269 III.20 Hasil pengelasan.................................................................270 III.21 Takik & overlap...................................................................270 III.22 Ayunan las saat pembuatan manik – manik posisi datar....271 III.23 Menyambung manik – manik las.........................................271 III.24 Menyalakan dan mematikan busur.....................................272 III.25 Poin pemeriksaan...............................................................272 III.26 Persiapan permukaan logam pengelasan tumpul posisi datar..........................................................................273 III.27 Las ikat pada pengelasan tumpul posisi datar....................273 III.28 Pembuatan busur................................................................274 III.29 Pengaturan las....................................................................274 III.30 Gerakan tangkai Las...........................................................274 III.31 Pemeriksaan hasil las.........................................................275 III.32 Persiapan awal pengelasan tumpul kampuh V posisi datar dengan penahan belakang..................................................275 III.33 Pemberian las ikat...............................................................276 TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D9III.34 Pembuatan busur pada ujung lempeng penahan belakang..............................................................................276 III.35 Pengelasan pertama...........................................................277 III.36 Pengelasan kedua..............................................................277 III.37 Pengelasan ketiga...............................................................278 III.38 Pengelasan terakhir............................................................278 III.39 Proses pembukaan sudut...................................................279 III.40 Pemeriksaan las..................................................................279 III.41 Persiapan permukaan logam pada pengelasan sudut posisi horisontal.............................................................................280 III.42 Las ikat pada pengelasan sudut posisi horisontal...............280 III.43 Penyalaan busur.................................................................281 III.44 Mengelas sudut untuk alur tunggal.....................................281 III.45 Mengelas lajur kedua..........................................................282 III.46 Mengelas lajur ketiga..........................................................282 III.47 Contoh las T yang buruk.....................................................283 III.48 Persiapan permukaan las pada pengelasan vertikal rigi las lurus....................................................................................284 III.49 Posisi pengelasan saat pengelasan vertikal.......................284 III.50 Penyalaan busur.................................................................285 III.51 Pengelasan rigi – rigi...........................................................286 III.52 Pematian busur las.............................................................286 III.53 Pengisian kawah.................................................................286 III.54 Pemeriksaan hasil las.........................................................287 III.55 Penyalaan busur las pada pengelasan vertikal dengan ayunan................................................................................288 III.56 Pengelasan rigi – rigi...........................................................289 III.57 Pematian busur las.............................................................290 III.58 Pengisian kawah.................................................................290 III.59 Persiapan awal Pengelasan Sambungan Tumpul Kampuh V dengan Penguat Belakang..................................................291 III.60 Las ikat................................................................................292 III.61 Penyalaan busur.................................................................292 TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D10III.62 Pengelasan pertama...........................................................293 III.63 Pengisian kawah las...........................................................293 III.64 Pengelasan lajur kedua.......................................................294 III.65 Pengelasan alur kedua dan alur yang lain..........................294 III.66 Pengelasan lajur terakhir....................................................295 III.67 Pemeriksaan hasil las.........................................................295 III.68 Persiapan awal pada Pengelasan sudut vertikal (ke atas)..............................................................................296 III.69 Las ikat................................................................................296 III.70 Penyalaan busur.................................................................297 III.71 Pengelasan alur pertama....................................................297 III.72 Pengelasan alur kedua.......................................................298 III.73 Penyalaan busur pada pengelasan sudut vertikal (ke bawah)..........................................................................299 III.74 Pengelasan alur pertama....................................................300 III.75 Pengisian kawah las...........................................................300 III.76 Persiapan permukaan las pada pengelasan lurus posisi horisontal.............................................................................301 III.77 Posisi elektrode pada penjepit............................................301 III.78 Posisi badan saat pengelasan............................................302 III.79 Penyalaan busur.................................................................302 III.80 Pengelasan rigi – rigi...........................................................303 III.81 Pematian Busur...................................................................304 III.82 Pengisian kawah las...........................................................304 III.83 Pemeriksaan hasil las.........................................................304 III.84 Persiapan bahan Pengelasan Tumpul Posisi Horisontal dengan Penahan Belakang.................................................305 III.85 Pengikiran sisi logam..........................................................305 III.86 Las ikat................................................................................306 III.87 Penyalaan busur.................................................................306 III.88 Pengelasan alur pertama....................................................307 III.89 Mematikan busur.................................................................307 TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D11III.90 Pengisian kawah.................................................................308 III.91 Pengelasan alur kedua.......................................................308 III.92 Pembuatan Rigi – rigi las....................................................309 III.93 Pengelasan alur ketiga dan lainnya....................................310 III.94 Hasil las rigi-rigi...................................................................310 III.95 Pengelasan sudut datar dan horisontal...............................311 III.96 Pemeriksaan kelurusan dan kesikuan.................................312 III.97 Penggabungan dua plat dengan las ikat.............................312 III.98 Las tumpul pada plat dasar.................................................313 III.99 Perakitan kotak plat.............................................................314 III.100 Pengelasan sambungan.....................................................315 III.101 Penggerindaan penguat rigi- rigi plat dasar........................315 III.102 Las ikat pada plat dasar......................................................316 III.103 Las sudut menumpang........................................................316 III.104 Pengelasan sambungan filet bagian dalam........................316 III.105 Pengelasan sambungan filet bagian luar............................317 III.106 Peralatan untuk pengelasan busur listrik dengan gas pelindung CO2...........................................................................................................317III.107 Bagian-bagian torch las......................................................318 III.108 Penekanan remote kontrol..................................................319 III.109 Regulator gas CO2 dan botol gas CO2................................319 III.110 Penyentuhan kawat elektrode pada baja............................321 III.111 Posisi memegang welding torch..........................................321 III.112 Proses pembersihan...........................................................321 III.113 Penyetelan kondisi pengelasan...........................................322 III.114 Penyalaan busur.................................................................322 III.115 Proses pelelehan................................................................323 III.116 Proses pengelasan lurus (tanpa ayunan)............................323 III.117 Pengisian kawah las...........................................................324 III.118 Pemeriksaan hasil las.........................................................324 III.119 Penyetelan kondisi pengelasan lurus ( dengan ayunan )..............................................................................325 TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D12III.120 Penyalaan busur.................................................................326 III.121 Gerakan ayunan..................................................................326 III.122 Mematikan busur.................................................................327 III.123 Pemeriksaan hasil las.........................................................327 III.124 Posisi pengelasan posisi datar............................................328 III.125 Gerakan ayunan..................................................................329 III.126 Penyetelan pelat penahan belakang dengan logam induk....................................................................................330 III.127 Las ikat pelat penahan belakang.......................................330 III.128 Posisi welding torch............................................................331 III.129 Kondisi arus dan tegangan.................................................332 III.130 Las ikat Las ikat pada pengelasan sambungan tumpang pada posisi horisontal..................................................................332 III.131 Posisi material diatas meja kerja.........................................332 III.132 Posisi pengelasan tumpang pada posisi horisontal............333 III.133 Penyalaan busur.................................................................333 III.134 Mematikan nyala busur.......................................................334 III.135 Proses pembersihan dan pemeriksaan hasil las.................334 III.136 Pemotongan hasil las..........................................................335 III.137 Las ikat sambungan tumpul................................................335 III.138 Penyetelan pra tarik............................................................336 III.139 Posisi material secara mendatar diatas meja kerja.............336 III.140 Kondisi arus dan tegangan.................................................337 III.141 Posisi pengelasan sambungan tumpul pada posisi datar....................................................................................337 III.142 Penyalaan busur.................................................................338 III.143 Mematikan busur las...........................................................338 III.144 Pembersihan hasil las – lasan.............................................339 III.145 Pemotongan hasil las..........................................................339 III.146 Persiapan permukaan logam..............................................340 III.147 Penyetelan kondisi pengelasan...........................................340 III.148 Penyalaan busur.................................................................341 TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D13III.149 Proses pengelasan sudut posisi horisontal.........................341 III.150 Pengisian kawah las...........................................................342 III.151 Pemeriksaan hasil las.........................................................342 III.152 Penyalaan busur dan pengelasan.......................................343 III.153 Pengelasan kedua..............................................................343 III.154 Pemeriksaan kelurusan permukaan material......................344 III.155 Proses pembuatan sudut bevel...........................................345 III.156 Perakitan material dengan las ikat......................................345 III.157 Pengelasan lapis kedua......................................................346 III.158 Proses las ikat.....................................................................347 III.159 Pengelasan sambungan pojok............................................348 III.160 Pengelasan sudut arah vertikal turun..................................348 III.161 Pengelasan pojok untuk penyambungan plat dasar...........349 III.162 Pengelasan fillet untuk penyambungan plat dasar..............349 III.163 Rangkaian Mesin Las TIG...................................................350 III.164 Saklar Las argon dan las manual........................................350 III.165 Saklar pengatur AC dan DC................................................351 III.166 Tombol power utama..........................................................351 III.167 Saklar kontrol......................................................................351 III.168 Kran aliran air......................................................................352 III.169 Pengaturan aliran gas.........................................................352 III.170 Pengaturan saklar...............................................................352 III.171 Penyetelan after flow...........................................................353 III.172 Pemasangan kolet dan nosel..............................................353 III.173 Pemasangan elektrode dan tutup.......................................354 III.174 Penyalaan busur.................................................................354 III.175 Awal pengelasan.................................................................355 III.176 Pelelehan............................................................................355 III.177 Mematikan busur.................................................................355 III.178 Pengelasan mematikan busur.............................................356 III.179 Pengisian kawah las...........................................................357 TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D14III.180 Pemeriksaan las..................................................................357 III.181 Sakelar AC dan DC.............................................................358 III.182 Penyalaan busur pengelasan aluminium dengan las TIG...358 III.183 Proses pengelasan aluminium dengan las TIG...................359 III.184 Pemeriksaan pengelasan....................................................359 III.185 Mesin Las Busur Listrik Terendam Otomatik......................360 III.186 Penetrasi Las......................................................................365 III.187 Pengaruh arus dalam proses SAW.....................................365 III.188 Pengaruh dari diameter kawat elektrode.............................366 BAB IV IV.1 Pembangunan badan kapal sistem seksi............................375 IV.2 Pembagian seksi bidang.....................................................376 IV.3 Penyusunan badan kapal dengan metode layer.................377 IV.4 Penyusunan badan kapal dengan metode seksi vertikal.................................................................................378 IV.5 Pembangunan badan kapal sistem blok.............................379 IV.6 Penyusunan badan kapal dengan metode blok..................381 IV.7 Tahapan proses pembangunan kapal.................................382 IV.8 Susunan umum kapal barang.............................................383 IV.9 Penampang tengah dari lambung kapal.............................383 IV.10 Gambar urutan pengelasan................................................384 IV.11 Urutan pengelasan pada penyambungan pelat..................385 IV.12 Urutan pengelasan pada penyambungan profil..................385 IV.13 Urutan pengelasan profil terhadap pelat.............................386 IV.14 Urutan pengelasan profil menembus pelat.........................386 IV.15 Urutan pengelasan pada pelat hadap.................................386 IV.16 Sambungan tumpul pada pelat...........................................387 IV.17 Sambungan campuran antara las tumpul dan las sudut.............................................................................387 IV.18 Penampang konstruksi Bagian Depan Kapal......................388 IV.19 PenampangKonstruksi melintang tengah kapal..................389 TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D15IV.20 Penampang Konstruksi Dasar Kapal..................................390 IV.21 Penampang Konstruksi Pondasi Mesin...............................390 IV.22 Sistem Konstruksi Kombinasi..............................................391 IV.23 Konstruksi sekat kedap air..................................................391 IV.24 Konstruksi Dasar,Geladak dan Kulit....................................392 IV.25 Hubungan balok geladak dengan gading............................392 IV.26 Susunan konstruksi geladak dengan penyangganya..........393 IV.27 Konstruksi ceruk buritan bentuk lengkung..........................393 IV.28 Las sudut terputus-putus rantai...........................................406 IV.29 Las sudut terputus-putus scallop........................................406 IV.30 Las sudut terputus-putus zig-zag........................................406 IV.31 Toleransi tinggi, lebar dan sudut lasan...............................407 IV.32 Toleransi takik las tumpul....................................................407 IV.33 Toleransi takik las...............................................................408 IV.34 Toleransi panjang kaki las...................................................408 IV.35 Toleransi sudut distorsi.......................................................409 IV.36 Toleransi jarak antar las tumpul..........................................410 IV.37 Toleransi jarak las tumpul ke fillet.......................................411 IV.38 Toleransi jarak las tumpul ke ujung scallop.........................411 IV.39 Celah antara pelat dan penegar..........................................411 IV.40 Penegar dengan permukaan tidak rata...............................412 IV.41 Toleransi kemiringan penegar.............................................412 IV.42 Toleransi celah penegar terhadap pelat..............................413 IV.43 Posisi scallop terhadap tepi lubang penembus...................413 IV.44 Penambahan length leg......................................................414 IV.45 Toleransi perbedaan dan tebal...........................................414 IV.46 Kelurusan antara balok dan gading.....................................414 IV.47 Toleransi kelurusan penegar dengan balok........................415 IV.48 Toleransi celah sebelum pengelasan..................................415 IV.49 Toleransi tebal pelat sebelum pengelasan..........................416 IV.50 Jarak pemotongan penggantian pelat.................................416 TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D16IV.51 Las tumpul dengan bantuan penumpu belakang................416 IV.52 Jarak minimum antar sambungan las tumpul......................417 IV.53 Toleransi jarak celah las otomatis.......................................417 IV.54 Toleransi jarak las otomatis dengan flux copper.................417 IV.55 Toleransi jarak las otomatis dengan fiber asbestos backing................................................................................418 IV.56 Toleransi celah las CO2 dengan penumpu belakang..........418 IV.57 Toleransi celah las Elektro gas...........................................418 IV.58 Toleransi Leg length las tumpang.......................................419 IV.59 Toleransi perbaikan lubang yang salah..............................419 IV.60 Perbaikan ditutup dengan insert plate.................................420 IV.61 Cara perbaikan pelat dengan dibuat lubang.......................420 IV.62 Pemanasan garis ( line heating ).........................................421 IV.63 Pemanasan sistim melintang (cross heating)......................421 IV.64 Pemanasan melintang dan membujur.................................422 IV.65 Pelurusan dengan pemanasan segi tiga.............................423 IV.66 Pelurusan dengan pemanasan segi tiga (triangle heating)...............................................................................424 IV.67 Pelurusan dengan pemanasan melingkar...........................425 IV.68 Pelurusan dengan dua anak panah....................................425 IV.69 Pelurusan dengan pemanasan...........................................426 IV.70 Pelurusan pelat dengan proses penarikan.........................427 IV.71 Pelurusan dengan bantuan gaya luar.................................428 IV.72 Pembebasan bengkok pada sambungan dari frame...........428 IV.73 Pembebasan bengkok sambungan tumpul.........................429 IV.74 Bentuk Pelat dan Profil........................................................430 BAB V V.1 Uji tarik pada sambungan las tumpul..................................440 V.2 Diagram pemanjangan beban pada baja lunak dan perhitungannya...................................................................441 V.3 Jenis-jenis uji lengkung (JIS Z 3122)..................................442 Next >