< PreviousTEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL B4Pemanasan awal (Preheating) Pembakar(Torch)Pembujur atas (Side stringer Pembujur dasar ( Longitudinal bottom) Pembujur geladak (Longitudinal deckbeam) Pembungkus (Coating) Pemotongan dengan gas(Gas cutting)Pemotongan panas (Thermal Cutting) Penahan balik keramik (Backing Ceramic)Penetrasi(Penetration)Pengawas Las (Weding Supervisor) Pengelasan maju (Progresive Welding) Pengelasan meloncat (Skip Welding) Pengelasan mundur (Back step Welding)Pengerasan(Hardening)Penghalang(Restrain)Pengkoakan bagian belakang (Back Chipping)Penguatan(Reinforcement)Pengujian fatik(Fatique test)Pengujian kekerasan(Hardness test)Pengujian merusak(Destructive test)Pengujian tak merusak(Non destructive test)Pengujian tarik(Tensile test)Pengujian tekuk(Bending test) Pengumpanan(Feeding)Penirusan(Tapering)Penumpu las (Welding Jig) Penumpukan penuh (Full-length Stacking) Penyetelan sambungan (Joint Fit-up)Penyusutan melintang (Transverse Shrink Perakitan(Assembly) Percikan(Spatter)Perlakuan(Treatment)Polaritas(Polarity)Polaritas balik(Reverse polarity)Polaritas lurus(Straight polarity)Posisi atas kepala(Overhead position)Posisi datar(Flat position)Posisi horisontal(Horizontal position)Posisi tegak(Vertical position)RRadiasi(Radiation)Retak akar(Root cracking) Retak dingin (Cold CrackingTEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL B5Retak kawah(Crater cracking) Retak rapuh (Brittle Fracture) Rigi-rigi las (Bead Weld) Rutil(Rutile)SSambungan dengan penguat(Strapped joint)Sambungan las(Welded joint)Sambungan pojok(Corner joint)Sambungan silang(Cross joint)Sambungan sisi (Edge joint)Sambungan sudut(Fillet joint)Sambungan tumpang(Lap joint)Sambungan tumpul(Butt joint) Sekat kedap air (Watertight bulkhead) Sekat melintang (Transversal Bulkhead) Sekat membujur (Longitudinal bulkhead) Sifat mekanis (Mechanical property)Siklus(Cycle)Skalop(Scallop)Struktur(Structure)Sudut galur (Groove Angle)TTak terumpan(Non consumable)Takik(Notch)Takik las(Undercut)Tegangan(Stress)Tegangan sisa(Residual stress)Terak(Slag)Timbal(Lead)Titik mulur (Yield Point) Turun ( Downward)UUkuran lasan (Size of weld)Unsur(Element) Urutan pengelasan(Welding sequence) Urutan pengerjaan (Deposition Sequence )TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL C1DAFTAR SINGKATAN AC...............................................................................(Alternating Current)DC........................................................................................(Direct current) DT...............................................................................(Destructive Testing)DCEP.....................................................(DirectCurrent Electrode Positive) DCEN....................................................(Direct Current Electrode Negative DCRP........................................................(DirectCurrent Reserve Polarity) DCSP.........................................................(Direct Current Straight Polarity DIN.................................................................(Deutsche Industrie Normen)FCAW................................................................(Fluxs Cored Arc Welding)GMAW..................................................................(Gas Metal Arc Welding)GTAW.............................................................(Gas Tungten Arc Welding ) ISO....................................(International Organization for Standardization) LPG..........................................................................(Liquit Petrolium Gas) LNG..............................................................................(Liquit Natural Gas) MAG..............................................................................(Metal Active Gas) MIG...................................................................................(Metal Inert Gas) NC.................................................................................(Numerical Control) NDT....................................................................(Non Destructive Testing) PQR.........................................................(Procedure Qualification Record) SAW...................................................................(Submerged Arc Welding) SMAW..........................................................(Shielded Metal Arc Welding) TIG..............................................................................(Tungsten Inert Gas) V...................................................................................................(Voltage) WPS............................................................(Welding Procedure Standard) AWS................................................................(American Welding Sosaity) JIS....................................................................(Japan Industrial Standard) ASTM.............................................(American Sosiety for Testing Meterial) ASME..................................(American Sosiety for Mechanical Engineers) AWS................................................................(American Welding Sosiety) ABS...........................................................(American Bureau of Shipping ) HAZ............................................................................(Heat Affected Zone) DNV..............................................................................(Det Norske Veritas NKK............................................................................(Nippon Kaiji Kyokai) BKI.....................................................................(Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia) QC.....................................................................................(Quality Control) QA...............................................................................(Quality Assurance) NCR......................................................................(Non Conformity Report) QCD.........................................................................(Quality Cost Delivery) PCCL.............................................................(Process Control Check List) TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL C2WES.........................................................(Welding Engineering Standards HAZ............................................................................(Heat Affected Zone) PWHT.............................................................(Post Weld Heat Treatment) UT.................................................................................(Ultrasonic Testing) RT............................................................................(Radiographic Testing) PT.................................................................................(Penetrant Testing) VT............................................................................................(Visual Test) PRT..................................................................(Pressure Resistance Test) LT..............................................................................................(Leak Test) SNI................................................................(Standar Nasional Indonesia) WI.................................................................................(Welding Inspector) WE................................................................................(Welding Engineer) TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D1DAFTAR GAMBAR BAB I I.1 Hubungan antara kandungan karbon dan sifat mekanis.........7 I.2 Diagram Proses Pembuatan Baja...........................................9 I.3 Percikan bunga api...............................................................12 I.4 Mistar baja lurus....................................................................18 I.5 Mistar siku.............................................................................18 I.6 Mistar gulung.........................................................................19 I.7 Calipers outside....................................................................19 I.8 Calipers inside.......................................................................19 I.9 Jangka sorong.......................................................................20 I.10 Micrometer dan pengukur standart.......................................20 I.11 Penunjuk ukuran dan tonggak penunjuk ukuran...................21 I.12 Tonggak magnet...................................................................21 I.13 Siku (mistar sudut kanan).....................................................21 I.14 Busur baja.............................................................................22 I.15 Busur bevel universal............................................................22 I.16 Pengukur jarak / celah..........................................................22 I.17 Pengukur sudut.....................................................................23 I.18 Pengukur jari – jari................................................................23 I.19 Pengukur lubang...................................................................23 I.20 Pengukur kerataan tipe segiempat........................................24 I.21 Meja penandaan permukaan plat..........................................24 I.22 Meja penyetelan permukaan plat..........................................24 I.23 Blok paralel...........................................................................25 I.24 Blok V....................................................................................25 I.25 Kotak blok V..........................................................................25 I.26 Pelat siku...............................................................................26 I.27 Alat penggores......................................................................26 I.28 Penyangga mistar.................................................................27 TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D2I.29 Jangka biasa.........................................................................27 I.30 Jangka ulir.............................................................................27 I.31 Hermaphro-dite calipers........................................................28 I.32 Pena penandaan...................................................................28 I.33 Penitik...................................................................................28 I.34 Palu single.............................................................................29 I.35 Pahat datar............................................................................29 I.36 Pahat lancip..........................................................................29 I.37 Ragum...................................................................................30 I.38 Ragum paralel (Ragum horisontal).......................................30 I.39 Ragum kaki (ragum vertikal).................................................31 I.40 Ragum squill (klem C)...........................................................31 I.41 Bagian - bagian kikir..............................................................32 I.42 Bentuk – bentuk kikir.............................................................32 I.43 Gagang kikir..........................................................................32 I.44 Sikat kawat............................................................................33 I.45 Tap tangan............................................................................33 I.46 Pegangan tap........................................................................33 I.47 Tap luar ................................................................................34 I.48 Pegangan tap luar.................................................................34 I.49 Gergaji potong metal.............................................................35 I.50 Swage block..........................................................................35 I.51 Landasan jenis Perancis.......................................................35 I.52 Landasan jenis Inggris..........................................................35 I.53 Jenis tang tempa...................................................................36 I.54 Palu besar.............................................................................36 I.55 Pahat dengan gagang...........................................................37 I.56 Palu tempa............................................................................37 I.57 Gunting plat tipis...................................................................38 I.58 Pemotongan dengan gunting................................................38 I.59 Besi solder............................................................................38 TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D3I.60 Jenis – jenis kunci.................................................................39 I.61 Obeng...................................................................................40 I.62 Tang potong..........................................................................40 I.63 Tang......................................................................................40 I.64 Tang catok............................................................................41 I.65 Kacamata pelindung debu....................................................41 I.66 Bor dengan mata bor miring..................................................41 I.67 Bor dengan mata bor lurus....................................................41 I.68 Cekam bor ............................................................................42 I.69 Sleeve / lengan penghubung................................................42 I.70 Soket.....................................................................................42 I.71 Drift / pasak...........................................................................43 I.72 Alat penyekat dengan air......................................................43 I.73 Regulator oksigen (tipe Jerman)...........................................44 I.74 Regulator oksigen (tipe Perancis).........................................44 I.75 Bagian regulator asetilin........................................................45 I.76 Tabung penyalur...................................................................45 I.77 Torch tekanan rendah...........................................................46 I.78 Brander potong dengan gas (jenis Perancis)........................47 I.79 Kacamata pelindung untuk las..............................................48 I.80 Korek / pematik.....................................................................48 I.81 Kap las tangan......................................................................49 I.82 Helm las................................................................................49 I.83 Sepatu keska........................................................................49 I.84 Selubung tangan las.............................................................49 I.85 Apron / pelindung dada.........................................................49 I.86 Sarung tangan.......................................................................49 I.87 Palu tetek..............................................................................50 I.88 Stang las untuk Las Busur Listrik..........................................50 I.89 Prinsip Pemotongan gas.......................................................52 TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D4I.90 Pengaruh kemurnian oksigen pada kecepatan potong (Standar drag 0, tebal plat 50 mm) .......................................54 I.91 Efek perlakukan oksigen dari nyala preheating.....................56 I.92 Efek nyala preheating pada saat oksigen potong dinyalakan.............................................................................56 I.93 Faktor-faktor yang menentukan kualitas pemotongan permukaan............................................................................58 I.94 Pemotongan busur plasma...................................................59 I.95 Bentuk elektroda dan sistim suplai gas orifice......................62 I.96 Plasma injeksi air..................................................................63 I.97 Faktor-faktor yang menentukan kualitas permukaan potong busur plasma.........................................................................65 I.98 Sistim aliran ganda................................................................66 I.99 Kepala potong laser..............................................................67 I.100 Hubungan antara ketebalan plat dan kecepatan potong untuk baja lunak pada pemotongan sinar laser..............................68 I.101 Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas dari pemotongan sinar laser..............................................................................69 I.102 Alat potong gas manual........................................................70 I.103 Alat potong manual dan nama bagiannya.............................71 I.104 Nozzle potong.......................................................................72 I.105 Nama dan fungsi bagian-bagian brander pemotong.............72 I.106 Nyala api pemanasan awal...................................................74 I.107 Pemotongan manual.............................................................75 I.108 Pemeriksaan hasil pemotongan............................................76 I.109 Persiapan pemotongan dengan gas manual.........................77 I.110 Nyala busur api potong.........................................................77 I.111 Posisi material induk pada meja potong................................78 I.112 Pemotongan material............................................................78 I.113 Pengosongan tabung gas oksigen........................................79 I.114 Langkah pemotongan...........................................................79 I.115 Proses Pemotongan Otomatis dengan Gas..........................80 TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D5I.116 Pemotongan lurus dengan alat pemotong otomatis..............84 I.117 Pengaturan arus gas oksigen...............................................85 I.118 Pengaturan posisi pucuk alat potong ke garis potong...........85 I.119 Gas oksigen menembus plat baja.........................................86 I.120 Pemotongan pinggiran miring...............................................88 I.121 Hubungan antara kondisi pemotongan dengan permukaan potong...................................................................................88 I.122 Ujung alat potong otomatis....................................................89 BAB II II.1 Contoh-contoh penyambungan mekanis.............................124 II.2 Penyambungan dengan pengelasan...................................125 II.3 Pengelasan plasma dengan bantalan serbuk.....................129 II.4 Perbedaan antara sambungan las dan sambungan tumpul yang dikeling.......................................................................130 II.5 Perbandingan distribusi tegangan antara sambungan keling dan las.................................................................................131 II.6 Deformasi dan deformasi sudut yang disebabkan oleh penyusutan..........................................................................134 II.7 Pengelasan tumpul plat.......................................................134 II.8 Distribusi tegangan sisa pada plat las tumpul.....................135 II.9 Perbandingan terjadinya retak pada sambungan keling.....136 II.10 Permukaan retak rapuh (Panah menunjukkan arah perambatan retak)...............................................................137 II.11 Aliran Tegangan Sambungan.............................................137 II.12 Pengaruh ketinggian pengisian las pada kekuatan fatik (lelah) dari las sambungan tumpul (baja lunak : 2 x 106 cycle)......138 II.13 Struktur busur dan distribusi tegangannya..........................140 II.14 Hubungan antara panjang busur dan tegangan busur........142 II.15 Karakteristik arus – tegangan pada busur...........................144 II.16 Busur DC.............................................................................144 II.17 Busur AC.............................................................................144 II.18 Efek Polaritas pada Las TIG...............................................146 TEKNOLOGI LAS KAPAL D6II.19 Las TIG AC.........................................................................147 II.20 Bentuk tip kawat las MIG....................................................148 II.21 Las MAG (100% CO2).........................................................148 II.22 Pembersihan (contoh pada aluminium (campuran)............148 II.23 Aliran gas............................................................................151 II.24 Las maju (turun), las mundur (naik)....................................151 II.25 Hembusan busur.................................................................152 II.26 Tiga jenis perpindahan butiran logam.................................153 II.27 Transfer sirkuit pendek dan perubahan arus.......................154 II.28 Kondisi terjadinya percikan pada las MAG (100% CO2).....155 II.29 Hubungan rasio campuran gas argon, CO2 dengan transfer butiran logam......................................................................156 II.30 Kemuluran Mn dan Si pada kawat las.................................157 II.31 Perubahan sifat mekanis dari logam las.............................157 II.32 Karakteristik eksternal dari mesin las busur........................158 II.33 Karakteristik menurun dan titik aksi busur...........................159 II.34 Titik gerak busur dari sumber daya tegangan konstan.......160 II.35 Mesin las busur AC tipe inti bergerak..................................163 II.36 Kontrol Thyristor..................................................................165 II.37 Kontrol inverter....................................................................165 II.38 Prinsip operasi dari alat penurun tegangan otomatis..........166 II.39 Tabel toleransi siklus kerja..................................................169 II.40 Pembumian yang benar dan pengkabelan sisi output........174 II.41 Contoh sisi pengkabelan output untuk dok galangan Kapal...................................................................................175 II.42 Pembumian dan pengkabelan sisi output yang buruk.........176 II.43 Kondisi kabel las dan penurunan tegangan........................176 II.44 Nama-nama dari bagian-bagian sambungan las................184 II.45 Pertumbuhan dendrit pada las lapis banyak.......................185 II.46 Struktur dan kekerasan maksimum dari daerah las ( SM 490 A ).......................................................................187 II.47 Konstruksi dari elektrode bersalut.......................................190 Next >