< Previous 91 “Must” and “to have to” indicate a necessity; “to have to” is stronger in meaning than “must”; “to have to” may refer to rules; “must” does not have a past tense; the past tense of to have to (“had to”) is used as past tense of must”. “don’t have to / doesn’t have to” indicate that there is no need to do something; “should” is used in an advice to do something; “should” is also used to indicate a personal opinion; “should” is also used to indicate a moral obligation. Must and should only have one form. To have to: to have = have / has / had. Exercise Fill in: must / should (have) / have to / has to / had to. 1. I’ve lost my keys; I ……..…have dropped them on my way home. 2. You ………… always follow an instruction given by a VTS-station. 3. He ……….. go to hospital, because he had been in an accident. 4. Tomorrow is my day off, so I don’t ………….to go to work. 5. I think you ………… wear a helmet when you enter the hold. 6. He starts working at 7 a.m., so he …………get up very early. 7. It was a big mistake! You ……….....not ………entered the fairway without a lookout. 8. We …….…. wait in the roadstead, because our berth was not clear yet. 9. It’s a secret! You ……….not tell anyone. 10. He still has plenty of time. He ………. be there at 12, so he ……..…………….. hurry. 92 may / might / to be allowed to Examples: You may not help him. / You are not allowed to help him. We may help him / We are allowed to help him. You may be right! He might be able to help you. “May” is used to indicate permission. (“You may not help him with it”.) “May” and “might” are used to indicate a possibility (there is no difference between the two). (“You may be right” / “You might be right!”) “To be allowed to” is used to indicate permission. It is a bit more formal than “may”. May and might only have one form. To be allowed to : am / are / is / was / were + allowed to. Exercise. Fill in: may / might / am/are/is/was/were allowed to 1. Have you lost your keys? You ……… find them in the drawer. 2. We ……. not …………...to enter the port before our berth is clear. 3. He ..….…not ……….… to join because he was late. 4. I don’t know where she is. She …...……have gone home. 5. They …………….….. to enter, but they had to wear helmets. 6. .…. the vessel ……….… to anchor in her present position, or must she proceed to the emergency anchorage?. 7. The operator told us that we……………….…to wait for high tide. 8. They ……... have to replace the second engineer if he’s not well soon. 9. It’s a secret! You …………..……….. to tell anyone. 10. He……….. have been right when he said that it …….. not ….…… . 93 shall / will / would. Examples: I will do it tomorrow. Shall I do it for you? We shall see. Will they be here in time? We will not (won’ t ) be able to be there in time. Will you open the door for me, please. I wouldn’ t have done this! It would be nice to spend some time together. “Will” is used to indicate future . “Shall” is used to indicate future and may only be used in the first person singular (“I”) and -plural (“we”). “Shall” is used in a first-person question (“Shall I give you a hand with it?”). “Will” can also be used in a polite request. (“Will you give me a hand with this, please”). “Would” expresses an imaginary action or situation. (“It would be nice!”) Shall, will and would only have one form. Exercise. Fill in: shall / will / won’t / would. 1. ……..… I help you find your keys? 2. I……..…be able to help you tomorrow, because we …..… be closed. 3. The vessel …….…..have sailed out on time if the weather hadn’t been that bad. 4. They …..…. have to store this type of cargo in refrigerated holds. 5. ………they be able to discharge the vessel before noon? 94 6. …….…we try to solve this problem for you? 7. The operator has just told us that we…....…have to wait for higher tide. 8. ………. you sign the Mate’s Receipt, please. 9. I …….…. not proceed through this channel at this speed, if I were you. 10. They …………be able to prevent a collision if they continue to proceed at this dangerous speed. to do (questions). Examples: Where do you go to? Where does he work? Did she go to work yesterday? Where did you see him last? Do / does / did are followed by the stem of the verb ( “go” / “work” / “see”) “Do” is used in the present tense. (“Where do you go to?” “Does” is used in the present tense third person singular (he / she / it ) (“Where does he work?”) “Did” is used in the past tense (“Where did you see him last?”). Exercise. to do (questions) - fill in: do / does / did. 1. Where ……… you go to? I went home. 2. What …….they alert us for? They alerted us for an approaching storm. 3. Where ……… the vessel berth when she is in port? She berths along the embankment. 4. …….they appreciate our assistance? They appreciate it a lot. 5. ……..they demand anything from us? They demanded more money 95 6. Where …….. the vessel alter her course? She altered her course off the west extremity of the island. 7. What ………. the VTS-station instruct us to do? The station instructs us to anchor in our present position. 8. When …….. they receive the Notice of Readiness? They received it this morning. 9. ….…...the temperature increase or decrease when you open this valve? The temperature increases. 10. When………they overhaul the bilge-pumping arrangement? They overhaul it every 6 months. to do (negations). Examples: I don’t understand why you are so upset. He doesn’t work here anymore. She didn’t go to work yesterday. They didn’t like the way we behaved. Do not / does not / did not are followed by the stem of the verb (“understand” / “work” / “go” / “like”) “Do not / don’t” is used in the present tense (“I do not understand why you are so upset”). “Does not / doesn’t” is used in the present tense - third person singular (he / she / it ). (“He does not work here anymore”). “Did not / didn’t” is used in the past tense (“They did not like the way we behaved”). 96 Exercise. to do (negotions) - fill in: don’t / doesn’t / didn’t. 1. We waited and waited, but they ……...…deliver the cargo that day. 2. I asked him about it, but he ……….. want to say anything and left. 3. They ……….. expect any ingoing vessels anymore today. 4. The pilot …………..want to embark, because we have made lee on the wrong side of the vessel. 5. They ……… resume pilotage today before 1200 hrs UTC. 6. We met him again last year, but he …………remember us anymore. 7. ……...…he tell the truth? No, he lied! 8. We ……….. agree and we wish to make a complaint. 9. The temperature ………… increase, but decreases when you close this valve. 10. ……… they know what time the vessel will arrive? b. Subject focus The IMO SMCP is not intended to provide a comprehensive maritime English syllabus, which is expected to cover a far wider range of language skills to be achieved in the fields of vocabulary, grammar, discourse abilities, etc., than the IMO SMCP could ever manage. However, Part A in particular should be an indispensable part of any curriculum which is designed to meet the corresponding requirements of the STCW Convention 1978 as revised. In addition, Part B offers a rich choice of situations covered by phrases well suited to meet the communication requirements of the STCW Convention 1978 as revised, which mariners are implicitly expected to satisfy. The IMO SMCP should be taught and learned selectively according to users’ specific needs, rather than in its entirety. The respective instruction should be based on practice in the maritime environment, and should be implemented 97 through appropriate modern language teaching methods. Further communicative features may be summarized as follows: avoiding synonyms avoiding contracted forms providing fully worded answers to "yes/no"-questions and basic alternative answers to sentence questions providing one phrase for one event, and structuring the corresponding phrases according to the principle: identical invariable plus variable. Marine Communication Phrases has been compiled: to assist in the greater safety of navigation and of the conduct of the ship, to standardize the language used in communication for navigation at sea, in port approaches, waterways and harbours, and on board vessels with multilingual crews, and to assist maritime training institutions in meeting the objectives mentioned above. These phrases are not intended to supplant or contradict the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 or special local rules or recommendations made by IMO concerning ships' routeing, neither are they intended to supersede the International Code of Signals, and their use in ship’s external communications has to be in strict compliance with the relevant radiotelephone procedures as set out in the ITU Radio Regulations. Furthermore, the IMO SMCP, as a collection of individual phrases, should not be regarded as any kind of technical manual providing operational instructions. The IMO SMCP meets the requirements of the STCW Convention, 1978, as revised, and of the SOLAS Convention, 1974, as revised, regarding verbal communications; moreover, the phrases cover the relevant communication safety aspects laid down in these Conventions. 98 Use of the IMO SMCP should be made as often as possible in preference to other wording of similar meaning; as a minimum requirement, users should adhere as closely as possible to them in relevant situations. In this way they are intended to become an acceptable safety language, using English for the verbal interchange of intelligence among individuals of all maritime nations on the many and varied occasions when precise meanings and translations are in doubt, as is increasingly evident under modern conditions at sea. Procedure When it is necessary to indicate that the IMO SMCP are to be used, the following message may be sent: "Please use IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases." "I will use IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases." Spelling Spelling of letters or Alphabets. When spelling is necessary, only the following spelling table should be used: Letter Code Letter Code A Alfa N November B Bravo O Oscar C Charlie P Papa D Delta Q Quebec E Echo R Romeo F Foxtrot S Sierra G Golf T Tango H Hotel U Uniform I India V Victor J Juliet W Whisky K Kilo X X-ray L Lima Y Yankee M Mike Z Zulu 99 Spelling of digits and numbers A few digits and numbers have a modified pronunciation compared to general English: Number Spelling Pronunciation 0 Zero ZEERO 1 One WUN 2 Two TOO 3 Three TREE 4 four FOWER 5 five FIFE 6 six SIX 7 seven SEVEN 8 eight AIT 9 nine NINER 1000 thousand TOUSAND Message Markers In shore-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication or radio communication in general, the following eight Message Markers may be used (also see "Application of Message Markers" given in PART A1/6 "Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) Standard Phrases"): (i) Instruction (ii) Advice (iii) Warning (iv) Information (v) Question 100 (vi) Answer (vii) Request (viii) Intention Responses a. When the answer to a question is in the affirmative, say: "Yes .... " followed by the appropriate phrase in full. b. When the answer to a question is in the negative, say: "No ..." followed by the appropriate phrase in full. c. When the information requested is not immediately available, say: "Stand by …" followed by the time interval within which the information will be available. d. When the information requested cannot be obtained, say: "No information." e. When an INSTRUCTION (e.g. by a VTS Station, naval vessel or other fully authorized personnel) or an ADVICE is given, respond if in the affirmative: "I will/can ... " - followed by the instruction or advice in full; and, if in the negative, respond: "I will not/cannot ... " - followed by the instruction or advice in full. f. Example: "ADVICE. Do not overtake the vessel to the North of you." Respond: "I will not overtake the vessel to the North of me." g. Responses to orders and answers to questions of special importance both in external and on-board communication are given in wording in the phrases concerned. Next >