< Previous 121 Study the sentences again: #1 If you go there tonight, you will meet Tom. #2 If you went there tonight, you would meet Tom. #3 If you had gone there yesterday, you would have met Tom. NOTE!!! The above sentences are a combination of: - a main clause : you will meet Tom - a conditional sub clause: if you go there tonight - the main clause contains an auxiliary verb: will or would + main verb. - the conditional clause contains a simple tense form of the verb: go. USE OF TENSE FORMS AND AUXILIARY VERBS Study the following sentences: The use of Tense forms and auxiliary verbs follow a very regular pattern in main clause – if clause combinations: #1 I If you go there tonight, you will meet Tom. if -clause Simple Present, main clause the auxiliary will. #2 If you went there tonight, you would meet Tom. if -clause Past Tense, main clause the auxiliary would #3 If you had gone there yesterday, you would have met Tom. if -clause Past Perfect Tense , main clause the auxiliary would + have + Past Participle of main verb, i.e. -ed form of regular verbs, or III form of irregular verbs NOTE! Other auxiliaries may be used to express the conditions. #1. If you listen to the radio, you can improve your knowledge. 122 If you go there tonight, you may meet Tom. (it is uncertain) If you go there tonight, you might meet Tom. (it is even more uncertain) #2. If Tom were here he might/could help us. If you listened to the radio, you could/might improve your knowledge. If you went there tonight you might meet Tom. #3 If Tom had been here he would/could/might have helped us. Conditional clause Main clause 1. If + Present Tense will + inf / present tense / imperative a. If you help me with the dishes (if + pres), I will help you with your homework. (will + inf) b. If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three, the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense) c. If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative). 2. If + Past Tense would + inf 3. If + Past Perfect Tense would have + past participle We do not normally use will or would in the conditional clause, only in the main clause. Uses of the Conditional 123 1. First conditional Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible. Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time. e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him. If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble. 2. Second conditional Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations. Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now. e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you. If I were you, I would tell my father. Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by a presidential candidate) If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a schoolboy: improbable) If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals. If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable) 3. Third conditional Nature: unreal Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.) e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that party.(But you didn't, and I have). 124 Remember! 1. The conditional construction does not normally use will or would in if-clauses. EXCEPTION: If will or would express willingness, as in requests, they can be used in if-clauses. e.g. If you will come this way, the manager will see you now. I would be grateful if you would give me a little help. (= ± please, come this way; please, give me...) 2. For the second conditional, were replaces was: If I were a rich man... 3. After if, we can either use "some (-one, -where...)" or "any(-one,-where...). If I have some spare time next weekend....or : If I have any spare time... 4. Instead of if not, we can use unless. e.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there is a plane strike. He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low. 5. There is a "mixed type" as well, for the present results of an unreal condition in the past: If + Past Perfect - would + inf. If you had warned me [then], I would not be in prison [now]. 125 b. Reading E`xercise. Pre-reading discussion: what is a navigational notice, who is it for and what do you expect it to tell you? Read these 4 navigational notices and choose the correct answers (a, b or c): NOTICE A Information: On 13th December the harbour authority changed the fairway buoy to a spherical red and white landfall buoy. The light signal is the same: 1 long flash every 10 seconds. 1) Which is the new buoy? 2) Which statement is correct? a. There is a new bouy and a new light b. The light signal on the bouy is changed c. The light signal is the same as before 3) Which is the light signal? a. Light flashes on for ten seconds b. After 10 seconds the light comes on c. After 10 seconds the light goes off 126 NOTICE B Harbour traffic control signals are on both sides of the bridge. They give the following instructions: Signal : THREE VERTICAL RED LIGHTS Action : VESSELS MUST NOT PROCEED Signal : TWO VERTICAL GREEN LIGHTS OVER ONE WHITE Action : VESSELS HAVE PERMISSION TO PROCEED 4) What is on both sides of the bridge? a. Lights b. Harbour traffic control c. Instruction 5) Which of these signals means ‘go ahead’? a. b. c. d. e. 6) Which of the signals above means ‘do not enter’? 7) Which is the correct message from the harbour authority to a ship when the lights are two green over white? a. ‘I intend to proceed.’ b. ‘Instruction: proceed to berth.’ c. ‘Stop now.’ NOTICE C COAST GUARD RCVD 2 REPORTS 127 1) ALL NAV LTS ON THE RAILWAY BRIDGE ARE NOT IN OPERATION 2) SHOALING AND A MISSING BUOY AT MM 394.1. ALL MARINERS ARE REQ TO PROCEED WITH EXTREME CAUTION. 8) Find abbreviations in the notice that mean: a. ‘received’ b. ‘navigation’ c. ‘lights’ d. ‘required’ 9) What does the first line of the notice mean? a. The coast guard has made two reports. b. Two reports have come in to the coast guard. c. This is Coast Guard Report number 2. 10) The first report says: a. ‘There are no navigation lights on the railway bridge.’ b. ‘There are new navigation signals on the railway bridge.’ c. ‘All navigation lights on the bridge are now operating.’ 11) The second report warns of: a. deep water and no warning buoy b. a new buoy and shallow water c. shallow water and no buoy 12) The notice orders mariners to: a. be careful b. cross the area quickly c. not proceed 128 NOTICE D SWEDISH NAV WARN 329 S BALTIC. HANÖBUKTEN. ÅHUS. GEOTECHNICAL OPERATIONS IN PROGRESS WITHIN 1 NM FROM PSN 55–52.4N 014–31.4E BY WORKING PLATFORM ‘AARSLEFF JACK IV’ AND TUG ‘BALTSUND’. WIDE BERTH REQUESTED. 13) What is happening in the South Baltic? a. Drilling b. Building c. Salvaging 14) What is ‘AARSLEFF JACK IV’? d. A Swedish company e. A Swedish ship f. A floating work surface 15) ‘Wide berth requested’ means: a. We need a big area to work in. b. Do not come close. c. Please send help. Mengasosiasi - Mengkomunikasi Buatlah catatan dan kesimpulan dari hasil pengamatan, diskusi dan eksplorasi yang telah anda lakukan, lalu sampaikan dalam kelas hasil pengamatan anda! 129 c. Vocabulary A few common symbols are selected from the key of the average nautical chart. There are many di_erent symbols and symbols can have slight differences (e.g. light buoys vary according to colour, size, shape and type of light and symbols vary accordingly). A very useful aid here would be a nautical chart or sections from nautical charts which students can talk about – describing them and explaining implications for shipping. Write these words next to their symbols. DO this either individual or in group. 130 d. Speaking Sekarang perhatikan dan dengarkan apa yang Guru ucapkan. Lakukan pengucapan secara berulang-ulang sampai anda paham bagaimana mengucapkannya dengan baik dan benar. e. Structure Corrections and repetitions in SMCPs Exercise 1. Enter either ‘repeat’, ‘say again’ or ‘correction’ into the gaps: 1) My draft is one two decimal six metres ________ one-two decimal 6 metres. 2) My present speed is 14 knots – mistake., my present speed is 12, one-two, knots. 3) _____________ all after ‘vicinity’. Exercise 2. Phrases of these messages are mixed up. Write the sentences correctly: 1) overtake / do not/do not overtake / repeat 2) correction / turn to starboard and pass astern / mistake / turn to port 3) change course / change course to two three zero / to two three zero / repeat / CV Passing Wind / Over 4) my position / West 133° mistake / Correction West 132° / is North 69°24' 5) understood / please say again / time now is 02:58 UTC / all after UTC Next >