< Previous 170 Pedoman Penskoran : Skor akhir menggunakan skala 1 sampai 4 Perhitungan skor akhir menggunakan rumus : Keterangan Skor : ∑ Skor perolehan Nilai = X 4 Skor Maksimal c. Lembar Pengamatan Bermain Peran Kelompok /Kelas : ............................ Kegiatan : Bermain peran /role play Tema /KD :............................ Nama Aspek Penilaian Rata-Rata Nilai Partisipasi Penghayatan Peran Kerjasama 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. dst 171 Pedoman Penskoran Aspek Penilaian Deskripsi Nilai Partisipasi Keterlibatan dalam bermain peran Peran dari tokoh yang diperankan 60 – 100 Penghayatan Peran Penjiwaan terhadap tokoh Kesesuaian kostum tokoh Semangat bermain peran 60 – 100 Kerjasama Membantu teman Tenggang rasa dengan teman 60– 100 Kriteria Pencapaian Kompetensi /Ketuntasan Belajar Aspek Pengetahuan 1-4 Predikat Keterampilan 1-4 Predikat Sikap SB/ B/ C/ K Keterangan KKM Pengetahuan dan Keterampilan KKM > 2.66 KKM Sikap : Baik Bila tingkat pencapaian kompetensi anda mencapai KKM > 2.66, maka anda dinyatakan tuntas dan dapat melanjutkan ke kegiatan belajar selanjutnya. Tetapi apabila tingkat pencapaian kompetensi anda mencapai KKM < 2.66 maka anda dinyatakan belum tuntas, maka anda harus mengulangi mulai dari kegiatan belajar, terutama pada bagian yang masih belum anda kuasai. 172 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 8 : Emergencies A. Deskripsi Aktiftias di dunia maritim dan perkapalan memang mengandung resiko bahaya yang cukup tinggi. Kita sering melihat dan mendengar tentang kejadian kecelakaan di laut, seperti perahu atau kapal terbalik, tabrakan antar kapal, atau bahkan kecelakaan-kecelakaan lainnya yang tidak pernah terduga sebelumnya sama sekali. Beberapa peristiwa tersebut dapat membuat sebagain orang trauma jika harus menggonakan moda transportasi air seperti kapal laut dalam menunjang aktiftiasnya. Oleh karena itu, perlu diantisipasi sejak dini agar kejadian bahaya serta darurat yang tidak diinginkan dapat diminimalisasikan oleh seluruh awak kapal. Kegiatan pemebelajaran ini mengupas tentang bagaimana yang harus dilakukan apabila terjadi situasi darurat dan bahaya di atas kapal. Bagaimana meminta dan memberi bantuan antar kapal, dan lain sebagainya. B. Kegiatan Belajar 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran a. Melalui kegiatan pembelajaran ini siswa diajak untuk mengetahui istilah darurat dan emergencies ketika berkatifitas diatas kapal. b. Selanjutnya siswa diajak untuk lebih dalam memahami peristilahan Emergencies secara praktis berikut peristilahannya. 173 2. Uraian Materi Maritime distress signals Distress signals at sea are defined in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea and in the International Code of Signals. Mayday signals must only be used where there is grave and imminent danger to life. Otherwise, urgent signals such as pan-pan can be sent. Most jurisdictions have large penalties for false, unwarranted or prank distress signals. Distress can be indicated by any of the following officially sanctioned methods: Transmitting a spoken voice Mayday message by radio over very high frequency (shorter range VHF) channel 16 (156.8 MHz) and/or high frequency (longer range HF) on 2182 kHz Transmitting a digital distress signal by activating (or pressing) the distress button (or key) on a marine radio equipped with Digital Selective Calling (DSC) over the VHF (channel 70) and/or HF frequency bands. Transmitting a digital distress signal by activating (or pressing) the distress button (or key) on an Inmarsat-C satellite internet device 174 Sending the Morse code group SOS by light flashes or sounds Burning a red flare (either hand-held or aerial parachute flare) Emitting orange smoke from a canister Showing flames on the vessel (as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, etc.) Raising and lowering slowly and repeatedly both arms outstretched to each side Making a continuous sound with any fog-signalling apparatus Firing a gun or other explosive signal at intervals of about a minute Flying the international maritime signal flags NC Displaying a visual signal consisting of a square flag having above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball (round or circular in appearance) Launching distress rockets In addition, a distress can be signaled using automated radio signals such as a Search and Rescue Transponder (SART) which responds to 9 GHz radar signal, or an Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) which operates in the 406 MHz radio frequency. EPIRB signals are received and processed by a constellation of satellites known as COSPAS-SARSAT. Older EPIRBs which use 121.5 MHz are obsolete. Many regulators require vessels which proceed offshore to carry an EPIRB. Many EPIRBs have an in-built Global Positioning System receiver. When activated these EPIRBs rapidly report the latitude and longitude of the emergency accurate to within 120m. The position of non-GPS EPIRBs is determined by the orbiting satellites, this can take ninety minutes to five hours after activation and is accurate to within 5 km. Marine safety authorities recommend the use of GPS-equipped EPIRBs. 175 A miniaturised EPIRB capable of being carried in crew members' clothing is called a Personal Locator Beacon (PLB). Regulators do not view them as a substitute for a vessel's EPIRB. In situations with a high risk of "man overboard", such as open ocean yacht racing, PLBs may be required by the event's organisers. PLBs are also often carried during risky outdoor activities upon land. EPIRBs and PLBs have a unique identification number (UIN or "HexID"). A purchaser should register their EPIRB or PLB with the national search and rescue authority; this is free in most jurisdictions. EPIRB registration allows the authority to alert searchers of the vessel's name, label, type, size and paintwork; to promptly notify next-of-kin; and to quickly resolve inadvertent activations. A DSC radio distress signal can include the position if the lat/long are manually keyed into the radio or if a GPS-derived position is passed electronically directly into the radio. A Mayday message consists of the word "mayday" spoken three times in succession, which is the distress signal, followed by the distress message, which should include: Name of the vessel or ship in distress Her position (actual, last known or estimated expressed in lat./long. or in distance/bearing from a specific location) Nature of the vessel distress condition or situation (e.g. on fire, sinking, aground, taking on water, adrift in hazardous waters) Number of persons at risk or to be rescued; grave injuries Type of assistance needed or being sought Any other details to facilitate resolution of the emergency such as actions being taken (e.g. abandoning ship, pumping flood water), estimated available time remaining afloat 176 In North America, marine search and rescue agencies in Canada and the United States also recognize certain other distress signals: Sea marker dye White high intensity strobe light flashing at 60 times per minute A floating man-overboard pole or dan buoy can be used to indicate that a person is in distress in the water and is ordinarily equipped with a yellow and red flag (international code of signals flag "O") and a flashing lamp or strobe light. There are three levels of emergency and they are announced by different call signs: 1) Mayday (repeated three times) is used for ‘grave and imminent danger to life or vessel’. 2) Pan-pan (repeated three times) is for ‘an emergency on board but no immediate danger to anyone’s life or to the vessel’. 3) Sécurité (repeated three times) is the least urgent and it is used for ‘important safety information’. The emergency VHF channel is almost always Channel 16. 177 a. Vocabulary To include: man overboard, fire on board, collisions with other vessels and with static objects like jetties, illness and disease on board, piracy, leaking, sinking, damage done by weather, attacks by animals / fish etc. Match each verb on the left with a definition on the right to capsize Cannot be seen to collide Fill with water to sink Turn over to swamp Go down slowly to settle Smash together to disappear Go without power to drift Go under b. Reading The aim of this reading exercise is to acquaint students with short messages (2-3 sentence-long) for comprehension, analysis and vocabulary. All the messages are adapted from authentic material so they are examples of reports which an Officer of the Watch might have to read and understand. Study the three emergency code words below. What do they mean? Match them with: URGENT call, DISTRESS call and SAFETY call. 1) Mayday, Mayday, Mayday 2) Pan-pan, Pan-pan, Pan-pan 3) Securité, Securité, Securité 178 Read the reports of emergencies and answer the questions. c. Structure Point out different ways of giving orders: 1) The use of the smcp phrase marker ‘Instruction’ 2) Must + in_nitive (no ‘to’) 3) Stop + verb + ing 4) Avoid + verb + ing 5) Do not + in_nitive (no ‘to’) for negative commands 6) Must not + in_nitive (no ‘to’) for negative commands 7) Verb of command (in_nitive) e.g. Do / Use / Change / Proceed / Enter 8) Polite orders (use of ‘please’, ‘you may’, ‘you have permission to . . . ’) 179 Study these sentences Instruction: You must change to Channel one six. Stop using Channel one six. Avoid using Channel one six. Do not use Channel one six. Use Channel one six. Please change to Channel one six. You may change to Channel one six. You have permission to use one six. Complete these sentences: 1) Instruction: You ___________ go to berth number 5. 2) _______________________ not enter the fairway. 3) Affirmative: You ___________ now proceed to quay four. 4) _______________________ the fairway now. 5) Question: Do I have ______________________ to proceed? 6) Stop. You must ____________ ________proceed. 7) ____________________ immediately. Do not proceed. 8) ______________________ : You must change to channel 16. 9) Please _______________________ interrupting a transmission. Next >