< Previous 51 Read through this development of the reading passage in Reading Comprehension (A) and circle the words and phrases which the words underlined refer to. Note that when a singular noun is used with the definite article to refer to a class of objects, it is usually followed by a plural pronoun. 'Merchant ships can be classified according to what they carry. 'Most are designed to carry cargo, but a few still carry passengers. 3Cargo ships can be divided into two basic types. 4One type carries dry cargo, the other carries liquid cargo; however, an OBO ship is designed to carry both. 5A tradi-tional dry cargo ship is the multi-deck vessel. 'Her holds are divided horizontally by one or two 'tween decks, because these make stowage of individual packages easier. 'Dry bulk cargo is carried in bulk carriers. 'These do not have 'tween decks as cargo is carried loose. 9The most modern type of dry cargo carrier is the container ship. '°They carry containers of standard dimensions, consequently stowage is easier. "Fruit, meat and dairy produce are carried in refrigerated ships. ''Oil tankers are the most common type of liquid cargo carrier. 13They are often very large, because huge quantities of oil need to be transported and one large vessel is more economical to operate than two smaller ones. 14'I1wo other types of liquid bulk carrier of growing importance are the liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier and the chemical carrier, although chemicals can also be carried in drums in general cargo ships. 151n comparison with cargo vessels, passenger ships are fewer in number and type. ''The traditional passenger ship is the passenger liner; however, many carry cargo as well. "Nowadays their number has been greatly reduced, because of competition from air transport. '$Another type of passenger vessel is the cruise ship. '9These are similar in appearance to passenger liners. 20The most common type of passenger vessel is the ferry. 21 Many of them are also designed to carry vehicles, therefore these have doors at the stern or bows. 52 Using the information in the passage and the connecting words studied in Grammar (B), carry out the following instructions: (a) add a qualification to this statement: Cargo ships carry either liquid or dry cargo. (b) add a reason to this statement : Multi-deck vessels have 'tween decks. (c) add a consequence to this statement : Containers are of standard dimensions. (d) add two reasons to this statement: Oil tankers are often very large. (e) add a qualification to this statement : Chemicals are carried in chemical carriers. (f) add a qualification to this statement: Passenger liners are designed to carry passengers. (g) add a consequence to this statement: Many ferries carry vehicles. When we qualify a statement we often add a reason. Use your imagination and knowledge to answer these questions: (a) Why are OBO ships designed to carry both liquid and dry cargo? (b) How do 'tween decks help stowage of cargo? (c) Why is it more economical to run one large tanker than two smaller ones? (d) Why do general cargo ships sometimes carry chemicals? (e) Why do passenger liners also carry cargo? c. Vocabulary Symbols, Ommisions 53 The words which are written down in note-taking, either in full or in abbreviated form, are only those words which carry information that is relevant. All other words can be omitted. The groups of words which we tend to omit when taking notes are listed below: 1. Auxiliaries be (am, is, are, was, were), have (have, has, had), do (do, does, did) 2. Articles the, an, a, some 3. Pronouns he,', his, himself etc., that, which, etc. 4. Prepositions of time, direction, place, and when attached to verbs, adjectives and nouns. (Note: The above list is only a guide and the note-taker must make up his own mind as to what can be left out either because it is not important or because it can be added when the notes are expanded.) 54 3. Refleksi Setelah mengikuti kegiatan pembelajaran ini, masing-masing siswa harus mampu menuliskan secara deskriptif atau naratif tentang beberapa hal dibawah ini. (Gunakan kertas tambahan atau lembar terpisah, apabila perlu) 1. Apakah anda merasakan manfaat dari pembelajaran ini? Jika Ya, sebutkan apa saja manfaatnya? Jika Tidak, berikan penjelasan? ______________________________________________________________________________________ Mengasosiasi - Mengkomunikasi Buatlah catatan dan kesimpulan dari hasil pengamatan, diskusi dan eksplorasi yang telah anda lakukan, lalu sampaikan dalam kelas hasil pengamatan anda! 55 ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Apa rencana implementasi pengetahuan dan keterampilan dari hasil kegiatan pembelajaran ini. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Apa saran dan masukkan anda untuk kegiatan pembelajaran selanjutnya. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Tugas Write a brief description of some of the different types of warship. Stage 1. Combine the sentences in each group below to form short paragraphs. The first sentence in each group is the main statement and stays the same. The other two pairs can be combined to form two sentences using any of the connecting words studied so far. In the past the largest warships were battleships. They were designed for heavy bombardment. 56 They carried up to sixteen-inch guns. Their speed was relatively slow. They were large and had heavy armour plating. Nowadays aircraft carriers are the largest warships. Most carry aircraft and helicopters. A few carry helicopters only. They have a narrow bridge superstructure. This leaves more room for the flight deck. Another type of warship is the cruiser. These are smaller than battleships. They are larger than destroyers. They are designed to combine fire-power with speed. They carry medium-sized guns and missiles. Stage 2. In the next two groups the order of the sentences has been confused. Choose the main statement and then sort out the other sentences joining them together as appropriate. These are expensive to run. They are built for speed and manoeuvrability. They may have diesel engines for cruising. They are often powered by gas turbines. Patrol boats vary greatly in design. It carries guided missiles in addition to conventional guns. Many frigates have an anti-submarine role. Destroyers and frigates are designed for escort duties. They carry weapons for destroying submarines. The modern destroyer is taking over the role of the cruiser 5. Tes Formatif There are several types of ship working round ports and channels which are designed to do special jobs to helps ship and shipping. Some of these are briefly described in this lecture. One very useful type of vessels is the tug.Tugs can be divied int four basic types. Sopme are designed as river tugs for work on rivers. Others are designed as harbour tugs and help ships in and out of ports and harbours. Two other types of 57 the tug, which are of growing importance, are coastal tugs and ocean-going tugs. These go out to help ships in difficulty at sea. Tugs must be designed to satisfy three important requirements. They must be stable in all conditions. They must also be manoeuvrable and be powerful enough to move ships of far greater size. A rather noisy and smaller type of vessel is the dredger. Dredgers are necessary to remove the sand and mud from the beds of channels and harbours. Dredgers are of three main types; they can be either bucket dredgers, which have a series of buckets which go down to the sea bed and scoop up the sand and mud; they can be suction dredgers, which suk up sand and mud like a very large vacuum cleaner; or they can be grab dredgers, which operate like cranes. Another type of special duty vessel is the icebreaker. Icebreakers are important to shipping because northern ports and channels freeze up in winter. Ships must use these ports all the year around, therefore it is necessary to keep the open. Icebreakers have powerful engines and very strong hulls. An unsual type of vessel is the lightship. Lightships look like ordinary ships, but they do not have engines because they are towed into position and the anchored there. They not only have light, but also a foghors, a radio beacon and meteorological equipment as well. Most lightships have a crew of approximately twelve. A very important type of boat is lifeboat. Lifeboats are of many different types. In the United Kingdom they are manned by volunteers and supported by voluntary donations. Lifeboats must be strong, stable and manoeuvrable and their crew must be well trained. Finally, there is the pilot launch. Pilot launches are motor boats for transporting pilots to and from ships. The must be seawothy as pilots go out in all weathers. In the United Kingdom, some port authorities employ their own pilots, but many pilots are employedby Trinity House, which was founded in 1514. 58 Exercise 1. Expand these notes into full sentences: 1. Tugs - 4 basic types (i) river, (ii) coastal, (iii) harbr, (iv) ocean-going. 2. Dredgers remove sand & mud fro chnls & hrbrs. 3. Icebreakers import N ports & chnls frze winter. 4. Lightships look like ord ships BUT no eng towd postn & anchrd. 5. Lifeboats - many types. In UK manned by vols & supp by voltry dons. 6. Pilot launches = mtr boats for transport pilots to & fro ships. Exercise 2.Try and reduce these sentences to note form: 1. Tugs must be stable in all conditions, manoeuvrable and have sufficient power. 2. Dredgers are of three main types: they can be either bucket dredgers, suction dredgers or grab dredgers. 3. Ships must use these ports all the year round, therefore it is necessary to keep them open. 4. Lightships not only have a light, but also a foghorn, a radio beacon and meteorological equipment. 5. Lifeboats must be strong, stable and manoeuvrable and their crew must be well trained. 6. Pilot launches must be seaworthy as pilots go out in all weathers. C. Penilaian 1. Sikap Nilai diperoleh dari pengamatan guru terhadap keaktifan siswa selama proses pembelajaran berlangsung Lembar Penilaian Sikap No Nama Kriteria Penilaian Jumlah Ket. 59 Siswa Perhatian (1) Disiplin (2) Tekun (3) Aktif Mendengar dan bertanya (4) Skor 1. 2. 3. Dst Keterangan Skor : kolom diisi dengan kriteria sesuai sikap yang ditampilkan oleh peserta didik, dengan kriteria sebagai berikut : 4 = selalu, apabila selalu melakukan sesuai pernyataan. 3 = sering, apabila sering melakukan sesuai pernyataan dan kadang- kadang tidak melakukan. 2 = kadang-kadang, apabila kadang-kadang melakukan dan sering tidak melakukan. 1 = tidak pernah, apabila tidak pernah melakukan. Pedoman Penskoran : Skor akhir menggunakan skala 1 sampai 4 Perhitungan skor akhir menggunakan rumus : Skor perolehan Nilai akhir = X 4 Skor Maksimal 60 Peserta didik memperoleh nilai : a. Sangat Baik (SB) : apabila memperoleh skor 3.66 s.d 4. b. Baik (B) : apabila memperoleh skor 2.66 s.d 3.65. c. Cukup (C) : apabila memperoleh skor 1.66 s.d 2.65. d. Kurang (K) : apabila memperoleh skor < 1.65. 2. Pengetahuan Nilai diperoleh dari Pengamatan selama proses diskusi kelompok, presentasi dan tes tertulis dan penugasan. Pedoman penilaian : ∑ Skor perolehan Nilai akhir = X 4 Skor Maksimal Nilai untuk Keterampilan menggunakan penilaian kuantitatif 1 – 4 : Sangat Baik = 4 Baik = 3 Cukup = 2 Kurang = 1 3. Keterampilan Nilai diperoleh dari penyelesaian tugas (baik individu maupun kelompok) pada saat diskusi dan presentasi (bermain peran/Role play). a. Rubrik kegiatan Diskusi No Nama A s p e k P e n g a m a t a n Jml Nilai Ket Next >