< Previous 61 Keterangan Skor : Kolom diisi dengan kriteria sesuai sikap yang ditampilkan oleh peserta didik, dengan kriteria sebagai berikut : 4 = selalu, apabila selalu melakukan sesuai pernyataan. 3 = sering, apabila sering melakukan sesuai pernyataan dan kadang- kadang tidak melakukan. 2 = kadang-kadang, apabila kadang-kadang melakukan dan sering tidak melakukan. 1 = tidak pernah, apabila tidak pernah melakukan. Pedoman Penskoran : Skor akhir menggunakan skala 1 sampai 4 Perhitungan skor akhir menggunakan rumus : Keterangan Skor : ∑ Skor perolehan Nilai = X 4 Skor Maksimal Siswa Kerja sama Mengkomunikasikan pendapat Toleransi Keaktifan Menghargai pendapat teman Skor 1. 2. 3. 4. Dst 62 a. Rubrik Penilaian Presentasi Keterangan Skor : kolom diisi dengan kriteria sesuai sikap yang ditampilkan oleh peserta didik, dengan kriteria sebagai berikut : 4 = selalu, apabila selalu melakukan sesuai pernyataan. 3 = sering, apabila sering melakukan sesuai pernyataan dan kadang- kadang tidak melakukan. 2 = kadang-kadang, apabila kadang-kadang melakukan dan sering tidak melakukan. 1 = tidak pernah, apabila tidak pernah melakukan. Pedoman Penskoran : Skor akhir menggunakan skala 1 sampai 4 Perhitungan skor akhir menggunakan rumus : Keterangan Skor : ∑ Skor perolehan No Nama Siswa A s p e k P e n i l a i a n ∑ Skor Nilai Ket Komuni Kasi Sistematika penyampaian Wawasan Keberanian Antusias Gesture dan penampilan 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Dst 63 Nilai = X 4 Skor Maksimal b. Lembar Pengamatan Bermain Peran Kelompok /Kelas : ............................ Kegiatan : Bermain peran /role play Tema /KD :............................ Nama Aspek Penilaian Rata-Rata Nilai Partisipasi Penghayatan Peran Kerjasama 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. dst Pedoman Penskoran Aspek Penilaian Deskripsi Nilai Partisipasi Keterlibatan dalam bermain peran Peran dari tokoh yang diperankan 60 – 100 Penghayatan Peran Penjiwaan terhadap tokoh Kesesuaian kostum tokoh Semangat bermain peran 60 – 100 Kerjasama Membantu teman Tenggang rasa dengan teman 60– 100 Kriteria Pencapaian Kompetensi /Ketuntasan Belajar 64 Aspek Pengetahuan 1-4 Predikat Keterampilan 1-4 Predikat Sikap SB/ B/ C/ K Keterangan KKM Pengetahuan dan Keterampilan KKM > 2.66 KKM Sikap : Baik Bila tingkat pencapaian kompetensi anda mencapai KKM > 2.66, maka anda dinyatakan tuntas dan dapat melanjutkan ke kegiatan belajar selanjutnya. Tetapi apabila tingkat pencapaian kompetensi anda mencapai KKM < 2.66 maka anda dinyatakan belum tuntas, maka anda harus mengulangi mulai dari kegiatan belajar, terutama pada bagian yang masih belum anda kuasai. 65 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 3 : Shipping A. Deskripsi Beraktiftas di atas kapal dalam rangka melaksanakan pekerjaan memang bukan hanya sekedar melakukan aktifitas biasa tanpa membutuhkan pengetahuan khusus. Akan tetapi, dalam dunia maritim sebagai bidang yang memiliki kekhususan, penggunaan bahasa secara spesifik menjadi sangat penting. Hal ini disebabkan oleh keberadaan peristilahan yang khusus pada dunia maritim dan perkapalan yang berlaku secara Internasional. Shipping atau secara sederhana dapat diartikan sebagai aktifitas di kapal merupakan kegiatan yang berlangsung dalam dunia maritim dan perkapalan. Hal ini memperlihatkan tentang segala yang menyangkut peristilahan, kosakata, tata bahasa dan simbol-simbol tertentu dalam dunia profesional maritim, perkapalan dan perikanan. 66 B. Kegiatan Belajar 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran a) Melalui kegiatan pembelajaran ini siswa diajak untuk mengetahui aktifitas shipping. b) Selanjutnya siswa diajak untuk lebih dalam memahami peristilahan Maritime English secara praktis dalam hal shipping berikut peristilahannya. c) Terkait dengan kompetensi grammar, siswa diarahkan untuk mengathui penggunaan kalimat pasif (passive voice) yang sering digunakan dalam aktifitas berbahasa Inggris maritim, perikanan dan perkapalan. 2. Uraian Materi Freight transport is the physical process of transporting commodities and merchandise goods and cargo. The term Shipping originally referred to transport by sea, but is extended in American English to refer to transport by land or air (International English: "carriage") as well. "Logistics", a term borrowed from the military environment, is also fashionably used in the same sense. Land or "ground" shipping can be by train or by truck (International English: lorry). In air and sea shipments, ground transport is required to take the cargo from its place of origin to the airport or seaport and then to its destination because it is not always possible to establish a production facility near ports due to limited coastlines of countries. Ground transport is typically more affordable than air, but more expensive than sea especially in developing countries like India, where inland infrastructure is not efficient. Shipment of cargo by trucks, directly from the shipper's place to the destination, is known as a door to door shipment and more formally as multimodal transport. 67 Trucks and trains make deliveries to sea and air ports where cargo is moved in bulk. Much shipping is done aboard actual ships. An individual nation's fleet and the people that crew it are referred to as its merchant navy or merchant marine. Merchant shipping is the lifeblood of the world economy, carrying 90% of international trade with 102,194 commercial ships worldwide. On rivers and canals, barges are often used to carry bulk cargo. A cargo ship or freighter is any sort of ship or vessel that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another. Thousands of cargo carriers ply the world's seas and oceans each year; they handle the bulk of international trade. Cargo ships are usually specially designed for the task, often being equipped with cranes and other mechanisms to load and unload, and come in all sizes. Today, they are almost always built of welded steel, and with some exceptions generally have a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years before being scrapped. Terms of Shipment Common trading terms used in shipping goods internationally include: Free on board (FOB)–the exporter delivers the goods at the specified location (and on board the vessel). Costs paid by the exporter include load, lash, secure and stow the cargo, including securing cargo not to move in the ships hold, protecting the cargo from contact with the double bottom to prevent slipping, and protection against damage from condensation. For example, "FOB JNPT" means that the exporter delivers the goods to the Jawahar lal Nehru Port, India, and pays for the cargo to be loaded and secured on the ship. This term also declares that where the responsibility of shipper ends and that of buyer starts. The exporter is bound to deliver the goods at his cost and expense. In this case, the freight and other expenses for outbound traffic are borne by the importer. 68 Carriage and freight (now known in the US as "cost and freight")(C&F, CFR, CNF): Insurance is payable by the importer, and the exporter pays all expenses incurred in transporting the cargo from its place of origin to the port/airport and ocean freight/air freight to the port/airport of destination. For example, C&F Los Angeles (the exporter pays the ocean shipping/air freight costs to Los Angeles). most of the governments ask their exporters to trade on these terms to promote their exports worldwide such as India and China. Many of the shipping carriers (such as UPS, DHL, FedEx) offer guarantees on their delivery times. These are known as GSR guarantees or "guaranteed service refunds"; if the parcels are not delivered on time, the customer is entitled to a refund. Carriage, insurance and freight (now known in the US as "cost, insurance and freight") (CIF): Insurance and freight are all paid by the exporter to the specified location. For example, at CIF Los Angeles, the exporter pays the ocean shipping/air freight costs to Los Angeles including the insurance of cargo. This also states that responsibility of the shipper ends at the Los Angeles port. 69 The term "best way" generally implies that the shipper will choose the carrier who offers the lowest rate (to the shipper) for the shipment. In some cases, however, other factors, such as better insurance or faster transit time will cause the shipper to choose an option other than the lowest bidder. a. Grammar Passive Voice The passive voice is a specific grammatical construction; not every expression that serves to take focus away from the performer of an action is classified as an instance of passive voice. The essential components of the English passive voice are a form of the auxiliary verb be (or sometimes get), and the past participle of the main verb denoting the action. For example: ... that all men are created equal... We have been cruelly deceived. The captain was struck by a missile. I got kicked in the face during the fight. Reasons for using the passive voice The passive voice can be used without referring to the agent of an action; it may therefore be used when the agent is unknown or unimportant, or the speaker does not wish to mention the agent. Three stores were robbed last night. (the identity of the agent may be unknown) A new cancer drug has been discovered. (the identity of the agent may be unimportant in the context) Mistakes have been made on this project. (the speaker may not wish to identify the agent) 70 The last sentence illustrates a frequently criticized use of the passive – the evasion of responsibility by failure to mention the agent (which may even be the speaker himself). Agentless passives are common in scientific writing, where the agent may be irrelevant: The mixture was heated to 300°C. However the passive voice can also be used together with a mention of the agent, using a by-phrase. In this case the reason for use of the passive is often connected with the positioning of this phrase at the end of the clause (unlike in the active voice, where the agent, as subject, normally precedes the verb). Here, in contrast to the examples above, passive constructions may in fact serve to place emphasis on the agent, since it is natural for information being emphasized to come at the end: Don't you see? The patient was murdered by his own doctor! In more technical terms, such uses can be expected in sentences where the agent is the focus (comment, rheme), while the patient (the undergoer of the action) is the topic ortheme. There is a tendency for sentences to be formulated so as to place the focus at the end, and this can motivate the choice of active or passive voice: My taxi hit an old lady. (the taxi is the topic, the lady is the focus) My mother was hit by a taxi. (the mother is the topic, the taxi is the focus) Similarly, the passive may be used because the noun phrase denoting the agent is a long one (containing many modifiers), since it is convenient to place such phrases at the end of a clause: The breakthrough was achieved by Burlingame and Evans, two researchers in the university's genetic engineering lab. In some situations, the passive may be used so that the most dramatic word, or punchline, appears at the end of the sentence. Next >