i HALAMAN FRANCIS Budidaya perairan atau budidaya perikanan (akuakultur) didefinisikan sebagai upaya-upaya manusia untuk meningkatkan produktivitas perairan melalui kegiatan budidaya. Kegiatan budidaya itu adalah kegiatan pemeliharaan untuk memperbanyak (reproduksi), menumbuhkan (growth) serta meningkatkan mutu biota akuatik sehingga diperoleh keuntungan. Suatu perairan umum (laut, sungai, danau atau waduk) memiliki produktivitas (bobot biomassa biota persatuan volume air) alamiah tertentu dan dapat ditingkatkan puluhan hingga ribuan kali melalui kegiatan teknologi budidaya perairan (akuakultur). Ruang lingkup budidaya perairan (Akuakultur) dapat dibedakan berdasarkan kegiatan, spasial, zonasi darat dan laut dan posisi wadah budidaya perairan. Fisiologi biota air membahas tentang kemampuan hewan untuk dapat hidup di suatu lingkungan dengan cara mengatur atau menghindari pemasukan air yang terlalu banyak ke dalam tubuh, menghindarkan diri dari keadaan yang membahayakan, seperti suhu yang sangat dingin atau sangat panas, salinitas yang tinggi atau rendah, hewan berpindah tempat untuk menemukan lingkungan yang sesuai agar dapat memperoleh makanan atau kawin, memperoleh informasi tentang keadaan lingkungannya dan lain-lain. Proses-proses yang terjadi di dalam tubuh biota ini (proses fisiologis) perlu diketahui karena dalam pembudidayaan biota perairan semua faktor yang akan berpengaruh terhadap biota harus diarahkan kepada proses –proses yang pada akhirnya dapat meningkatkan tingkat kesehatan, pertumbuhan dan efisiensi pakan. ii KATA PENGANTAR iiiDAFTAR ISI HALAMAN FRANCIS .......................................................................................................................................... i KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................................................................... ii DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................................................................... iii DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................................................................................................................... viii DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................................................................. x PETA KEDUDUKAN BAHAN AJAR ............................................................................................................ xi GLOSARIUM ..................................................................................................................................................... xiii I. PENDAHULUAN......................................................................................................................................... 1 A. Deskripsi .............................................................................................................................................. 1 B. Prasyarat .............................................................................................................................................. 3 C. Petunjuk Penggunaan .................................................................................................................... 3 D. Tujuan Akhir ...................................................................................................................................... 9 E. Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar ............................................................................ 10 F. Cek Kemampuan Awal ............................................................................................................... 13 II. PEMBELAJARAN .................................................................................................................................... 14 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 1. Menganalisis potensi budidaya perairan berdasarkan sumberdaya alam, ekonomi dan sosial. ...................................................................................... 14 A. Deskripsi ........................................................................................................................................... 14 B. Kegiatan Belajar ............................................................................................................................ 15 Kegiatan Belajar 1. Ruang lingkup dan tujuan budidaya perairan ............................... 15 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran............................................................................................................. 15 2. Uraian Materi ............................................................................................................................. 15 iv 3. Tugas ............................................................................................................................................. 36 4. Tes Formatif ............................................................................................................................... 37 Kegiatan Belajar 2. Potensi dan Peran Budidaya Perairan............................................... 40 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran............................................................................................................. 40 2. Uraian Materi ............................................................................................................................. 40 3. Tugas ............................................................................................................................................. 73 4. Tes Formatif ............................................................................................................................... 73 Kegiatan Belajar 3. Jenis-Jenis Komoditas Dan Karakteristik Komoditas Perairan Yang Memiliki Nilai Ekonomis Tinggi Baik Untuk Tingkat Lokal, Regional, Maupun Internasional ........................................................................................................................ 76 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran............................................................................................................. 76 2. Uraian Materi ............................................................................................................................. 76 3. Tugas ...........................................................................................................................................105 4. Refleksi .......................................................................................................................................106 5. Tes Formatif .............................................................................................................................107 C. Penilaian .........................................................................................................................................110 1. Sikap ............................................................................................................................................110 2. Pengetahuan ............................................................................................................................111 3. Keterampilan ...........................................................................................................................112 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 2 : Menganalisis sistem fisiologi biota air (ikan, kekerangan, krustasea dan rumput laut) ...................................................................114 A. Deskripsi .........................................................................................................................................114 B. Kegiatan Belajar ..........................................................................................................................115 v Kegiatan Belajar 1. Morfologi dan Anatomi Biota Air .......................................................115 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran...........................................................................................................115 2. Uraian Materi ...........................................................................................................................115 3. Tugas ...........................................................................................................................................145 4. Tes Formatif .............................................................................................................................149 Kegiatan Belajar 2. Sistem pencernaan dan metabolisme ..............................................152 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran...........................................................................................................152 2. Uraian Materi ...........................................................................................................................152 3. Tugas ...........................................................................................................................................174 4. Tes Formatif .............................................................................................................................177 Kegiatan Belajar 3. Sistem Reproduksi Biota Air ................................................................179 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran...........................................................................................................179 2. Uraian Materi ...........................................................................................................................179 3. Tugas ...........................................................................................................................................213 4. Tes Formatif .............................................................................................................................215 Kegiatan Belajar 4. Sistem Pernafasan (Respirasi) ............................................................218 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran...........................................................................................................218 2. Uraian Materi ...........................................................................................................................218 3. Tugas ...........................................................................................................................................233 4. Tes Formatif .............................................................................................................................239 Kegiatan Belajar 5. Sistem Peredaran Darah (Sirkulasi) .................................................242 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran...........................................................................................................242 vi 2. Uraian Materi ...........................................................................................................................242 3. Tugas ...........................................................................................................................................255 4. Tes Formatif .............................................................................................................................258 Kegiatan Belajar 6. Sistem Osmoregulasi ...............................................................................261 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran...........................................................................................................261 2. Uraian Materi ...........................................................................................................................261 3. Tugas ...........................................................................................................................................296 4. Tes Formatif .............................................................................................................................299 Kegiatan Belajar 7. Sistem ekskresi ...........................................................................................303 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran...........................................................................................................303 2. Uraian Materi ...........................................................................................................................303 3. Tugas ...........................................................................................................................................318 4. Tes Formatif .............................................................................................................................321 Kegiatan Belajar 8. Sistem Syaraf ...............................................................................................324 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran...........................................................................................................324 2. Uraian Materi ...........................................................................................................................324 3. Tugas ...........................................................................................................................................336 4. Tes Formatif .............................................................................................................................339 Kegiatan Belajar 9. Sistem hormon ............................................................................................341 1. Tujuan Pembelajaran...........................................................................................................341 2. Uraian Materi ...........................................................................................................................341 3. Tugas ...........................................................................................................................................348 vii4. Refleksi .......................................................................................................................................351 5. Tes Formatif .............................................................................................................................352 C. Penilaian .........................................................................................................................................355 1. Sikap ............................................................................................................................................355 2. Pengetahuan ............................................................................................................................356 3. Keterampilan ...........................................................................................................................358 III. PENUTUP .................................................................................................................................................368 DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................................................................369 viiiDAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1. Kegiatan (aktifitas) budidaya perairan ......................................................................... 15 Gambar 2. Land-base aquaqulture .......................................................................................................... 24 Gambar 3. Water-base aquaqulture ....................................................................................................... 24 Gambar 4. Potensi sumberdaya alam Indonesia ............................................................................. 44 Gambar 5. Budidaya ikan, Budidaya kerang mutiara dan Budidaya rumput laut .......... 46 Gambar 6. Produk hasil perikanan ........................................................................................................ 51 Gambar 7. Skema pengembangan usaha budidaya perairan .................................................... 57 Gambar 8. Budidaya ikan air tawar ....................................................................................................... 97 Gambar 9. Budidaya ikan air payau dan laut .................................................................................... 97 Gambar 10. Budidaya ikan hias ............................................................................................................... 97 Gambar 11. Komoditas krustacea (Kepiting, udang windu, lobster) .................................... 98 Gambar 12. Budidaya kekerangan/moluska .................................................................................... 99 Gambar 13. Teripang (holothuria scabra) .......................................................................................... 99 Gambar 14. Kodok bulfrok .......................................................................................................................100 Gambar 15. Bagian tubuh ikan ...............................................................................................................118 Gambar 16. Morfologi Ikan ......................................................................................................................119 Gambar 17. Tipe-tipe utama letak mulut ..........................................................................................122 Gambar 18. Bentuk sirip ekor ................................................................................................................124 Gambar 19. Posisi sirip perut terhadap sirip dada ikan ............................................................125 Gambar 20. Pengukuran meristik dan morfometrik ikan.........................................................127 Gambar 21. Morfologi krustacea ...........................................................................................................128 Gambar 22. Morfologi rumput laut ......................................................................................................129 Gambar 23. Anatomi ikan .........................................................................................................................133 Gambar 24. Anatomi kerang (Molluska) ...........................................................................................139 Gambar 25. Mekanisme pencernaan pada ikan .............................................................................159 Gambar 26. Katabolisme biota air ........................................................................................................164 Gambar 27. Anabolisme biota air .........................................................................................................167 Next >