< Previous xvi Teknik Pemanfaatan Tenaga Listrik 4.50 Penyearah B2C ...................................................................................... 321 4.51 Penyearah M3C ..................................................................................... 322 4.52 Penyearah B6C ...................................................................................... 322 4.53 Bentuk dasar pengendali tegangan AC ................................................. 323 4.54 Skema kontrol kecepatan motor induksi dengan catu daya DC tegangan tetap ....................................................................................... 325 4.55 Skema kontrol kecepatan motor induksi dengan catu daya DC dan inverter PWM ......................................................................................... 325 4.56 Skema kontrol kecepatan motor induksi dengan catu daya AC dan inverter frekuensi variabel ...................................................................... 325 4.57 Skema kontrol kecepatan motor induksi dengan catu daya AC dan inverter PWM ......................................................................................... 326 4.58 Diagram kotak sistem kontrol kecepatan motor induksi fasa tiga .......... 326 4.59 Kendali motor manual ............................................................................ 331 4.60 Kendali motor Semi otomatis ................................................................. 332 4.61 Kendali motor Semi otomatis ................................................................. 332 4.62 Kontaktor magnit .................................................................................... 333 4.63 Simbol kontaktor magnit ........................................................................ 333 4.64 Kontak Utama dan TOR ......................................................................... 334 4.65 Kontak-kontak Bantu .............................................................................. 334 4.66 Kontaktor Magnit dan Timer ................................................................... 335 4.67 Timer on Delay ....................................................................................... 335 4.68 Timer Off Delay ...................................................................................... 335 4.69 Kontaktor magnit dengan waktu tunda kombinasi hidup-mati ................ 336 4.70 Kontaktor magnit dengan waktu tunda hidup-mati kontinyu ................. 336 4.71 Konstruksi TOR ...................................................................................... 336 4.72 Permukaan TOR .................................................................................... 336 4.73 Diagram kontrol dan diagram daya Pengendali motor langsung (Direct on line) ........................................................................................ 338 4.74 Diagram kontrol dan diagram daya Pengendali motor langsung dengan TOR .......................................................................................... 339 4.75 Diagram kontrol dan diagram daya Pengendali motor putar kanan-kiri .......................................................................................................... 340 4.76 Diagram kontrol dan diagram daya pengendali starter motor dengan pengasutan Y – ¨ ................................................................................... 341 4.77 Diagram kontrol dan diagram daya Pengendali starter motor rotor lilit dengan pengasutan resistor ............................................................. 342 4.78 Contoh pemakaian 1 .............................................................................. 348 4.79 Contoh pemakaian 2 .............................................................................. 348 4.80 Contoh pemakaian 3 .............................................................................. 349 4.81 Instalasi komponen Pneumatik .............................................................. 349 4.82 Instalasi Komponen Elektrik ................................................................... 350 4.83 Elemen-elemen Elektro-pneumatik ........................................................ 350 4.84 Pemrosesan sinyal ................................................................................. 350 4.85 Rantai kontrol ......................................................................................... 350 4.86 Rangkaian komponen pneumatik 1 ....................................................... 351 4.87 Instalasi komponen pneumatik 2 ........................................................... 352 4.88 Instalasi komponen pneumatik 3 ........................................................... 352 Teknik Pemanfaatan Tenaga Listrik xvii 5.1 Pembangkit Tenaga Listrik ..................................................................... 353 5.2 Mesin CNC ............................................................................................. 353 5.3 Mesin Cuci ............................................................................................. 353 5.4 Alternator Mobil ...................................................................................... 354 5.5 Mesin Printer .......................................................................................... 354 5.6 Mesin ATM ............................................................................................ 354 5.7 Penggunaan Transformator pada Bidang Tenaga Listrik ...................... 355 5.8 Transformator Daya ............................................................................... 355 5.9 Transformator Distribusi Tipe Tiang ...................................................... 355 5.10 Transformator pada Peralatan Elektronik .............................................. 356 5.11 Percobaan Arus Induksi ......................................................................... 356 5.12 Percobaan Induksi ................................................................................. 356 5.13 Fluks Magnet Transformator .................................................................. 357 5.14 Transformator Tipe Inti ........................................................................... 358 5.15 Tranformator Tipe Cangkang ................................................................. 358 5.16 Laminasi Inti Transformator ................................................................... 358 5.17 Transformator TanpA Beban .................................................................. 359 5.18 Arus Tanpa Beban ................................................................................. 359 5.19 Kurva B – H ............................................................................................ 360 5.20 Transformator Ideal ................................................................................ 360 5.21 Transformator Berbeban ........................................................................ 360 5.22 Rangkaian Ekuivalen Transformator ...................................................... 361 5.23 Rangkaian Ekuivalen dengan Acuan Sisi Primer ................................... 361 5.24 Rangkaian Ekuivalen dengan Acuan Sisi Primer disederhanakan ........ 362 5.25 Rangkaian Ekuivalen dengan Acuan Sisi Sekunder .............................. 362 5.26 Transformator Faktor Daya ”Lagging” .................................................... 363 2.27 Transformator Faktor Daya ”Leading” .................................................... 363 2.28 Transformator Faktor Daya ”Unity” ........................................................ 363 5.29 Rangkaian Percobaan Beban Nol .......................................................... 365 5.30 Rangkaian Ekuivalen Hasil Percobaan Beban Nol ................................ 365 5.31 Rangkaian Percobaan Hubung Singkat ................................................. 366 5.32 Rangkaian Ekuivalen Hasil Percobaan Hubung Singkat ....................... 366 5.32 Penentuan Polaritas Transformator ....................................................... 366 5.33 Rangkaian Paralel Transformator Satu Fasa ......................................... 367 5.34 Rangkaian Ekuivalen Paralel Transformator Satu Fasa ........................ 367 5.35 Diagram Vektor Paralel Transformator Satu Fasa ................................. 367 5.36 Rangkaian Paralel Transformator Satu Fasa Teg Sama ....................... 367 5.37 Rangkaian Ekuivalen Paralel Transformator Tegangan Sama .............. 368 5.38 Diagram Vektor Paralel Transformator Tegangan Sama ....................... 368 5.39 Konstruksi Tranformator Tiga Fasa ........................................................ 369 5.40 Transformator Tipe Inti ........................................................................... 369 5.41 Transformator Tipe Cangkang ............................................................... 370 5.42 Bushing Transformator ........................................................................... 371 5.43 Alat Pernafasan ...................................................................................... 371 5.44 Tap Changer .......................................................................................... 371 5.45 Indikator Level Minyak ........................................................................... 372 5.46 Indikator Temperatur .............................................................................. 372 xviii Teknik Pemanfaatan Tenaga Listrik 5.47 Relai Buchholz ....................................................................................... 372 5.48 Hubungan Bintang- bintang ................................................................... 373 5.49 Hubungan Segitiga – Segitiga ............................................................... 373 5.50 Hubungan Bintang – Segitiga ................................................................ 374 5.51 Hubungan Segitiga- Bintang .................................................................. 374 5.52 Transformator Tiga Fasa Hubung Zig-zag ............................................. 375 5.53 Hubungan V-V atau Open .................................................................. 376 5.54 Hubungan Open Y - Open .................................................................. 376 5.55 Hubungan Scott atau T-T ....................................................................... 377 5.56 Kelompok Hubungan Dy5 ...................................................................... 379 5.57 Rangkaian Autotransformator ................................................................ 381 5.58 Transformator Arus ................................................................................ 382 5.59 Transformator Tegangan ....................................................................... 383 5.60 Konstruksi Mesin Arus Searah ............................................................... 384 5.61 Konstruksi Sikat Komutator .................................................................... 385 5.62 Proses Terbentuknya Ggl pada Sisi Kumparan Generator .................... 386 5.63 Proses Penyearahan Tegangan pada Generator Arus Searah ............. 387 5.64 Jangkar Generator Arus Searah ............................................................ 387 5.65 Lilitan Jangkar ........................................................................................ 388 5.66 Letak Sisi-sisi Kumparan dalam Alur ..................................................... 388 5.67 Prinsip Lilitan Gelung ............................................................................. 389 5.68 Lilitan Gelung Tunggal ........................................................................... 390 5.69 Prinsip Lilitan Gelombang ...................................................................... 390 5.70 Lilitan Gelombang Tunggal .................................................................... 391 5.71 Fluks Medan Utama ............................................................................... 393 5.72 Fluks Medan Jangkar ............................................................................. 393 5.73 Reaksi Jangkar ...................................................................................... 393 5.74 Generator Penguat Terpisah ................................................................. 394 5.75 Generator Shunt .................................................................................... 395 5.76 Generator Seri ....................................................................................... 395 5.77 Generator Kompon Panjang .................................................................. 396 5.78 Generator Kompon Pendek ................................................................... 396 5.79 Diagram Aliran Daya pada Generator Arus Searah ............................... 397 5.80 Rangkaian Generator Beban Nol ........................................................... 397 5.81 Rangkaian Generator Berbeban ............................................................ 398 5.82 Kurva Generator Arus Searah saat Dibebani ......................................... 398 5.83 Percobaan Beban Nol Generator Penguat Sendiri ................................ 399 5.84 Resistansi Kritis Generator Shunt .......................................................... 399 5.85 Karakteristik Beban Nol pada Kecepatan Berbeda ................................ 400 5.86 Kurva Kecepatan Kritis .......................................................................... 400 5.87 Contoh Karakteristik Beban Nol ............................................................. 400 5.88 Generator Arus Searah Shunt Berbeban ............................................... 401 5.89 Prinsip Kerja Motor Arus Searah ........................................................... 402 5.90 Rangkaian Motor Arus Searah Penguat Terpisah ................................. 405 5.91 Rangkaian Motor Arus Searah Penguat Sendiri Shunt .......................... 405 5.92 Rangkaian Motor Arus Searah Penguat Sendiri Seri ............................. 405 5.93 Rangkaian Motor Arus Searah Kompon Panjang .................................. 405 5.94 Rangkaian Motor Arus Searah Kompon Pendek ................................... 406 Teknik Pemanfaatan Tenaga Listrik xix 5.95 Penampang Motor Induksi Tiga Fasa .................................................... 408 5.96 Lilitan Motor Induksi ............................................................................... 409 5.97 Rotor Sangkar ........................................................................................ 409 5.98 Rotor lilit ................................................................................................. 410 5.99 Nilai Arus Sesaat dan Posisi Flux .......................................................... 410 5.100 Proses Terjadinya Medan ................................................................... 412 5.101 Terjadinya Putaran pada Motor Induksi .............................................. 413 5.102 Rangkaian Ekuivalen Rotor ................................................................. 414 5.103 Rangkaian Ekuivalen Motor ................................................................ 415 5.104 Rangkaian Ekuivalen dengan Refrensi Primer ................................... 415 5.105 Karakteristik Slip Vs Torsi ................................................................... 417 5.106 Rangkaian Ekuivalen Motor Induksi Rotor Lilit .................................... 417 5.107 Diagram Aliran Daya Motor Induksi Tiga Fasa .................................... 418 5.108 Rangkaian Ekuivalen Motor Induksi .................................................... 419 5.109 Rangkaian Ekuivalen dengan Refrensi Stator .................................... 420 5.110 Tes Tanpa Beban ................................................................................ 421 5.111 Tes Hubung Singkat ............................................................................ 422 5.112 Mengubah JumlahKutub ..................................................................... 423 5.113 Pengaturan Tahanan Rotor Motor ...................................................... 424 5.114 Pengaturan Tegangan ........................................................................ 424 5.115 Skema Pengaturan Frekuensi ............................................................. 425 5.116 Generator Sinkron Tiga Fasa dengan Penguatan Generator DC “Pilot Exciter” ....................................................................................... 428 5.117 Generator Sinkron Tiga Fasa dengan Sistem Penguatan “Brushless Exciter System” ................................................................. 428 5.118 Bentuk Rotor ....................................................................................... 429 5.119 Inti Stator dan Alur pada Stator ........................................................... 429 5.120 Belitan Satu Lapis Generator Sinkron Tiga Fasa ................................ 430 5.121 Urutan Fasa ABC ................................................................................ 430 5.122 Belitan Berlapis Ganda Generator Sinkron Tiga Fasa ........................ 431 5.123 Diagram Phasor dari Tegangan Induksi Lilitan ................................... 432 5.124 Total Ggl Et dari Tiga Ggl Sinusoidal .................................................. 432 5.125 Kisar Kumparan .................................................................................. 432 5.126 Vektor Tegangan Lilitan ...................................................................... 433 5.127 Diagram Generator AC Satu Fasa Dua Kutub .................................... 434 5.128 Diagram Generator AC Tiga Fasa Dua Kutub ..................................... 435 5.129 Kurva dan Rangkaian Ekuivalen Alternator Tanpa Beban .................. 436 5.130 Kondisi Reaksi Jangkar ....................................................................... 436 5.131 Vektor Diagram dari Beban Alternator ................................................ 437 5.132 Rangkaian Test Alternator Tanpa Beban ............................................ 438 5.133 Rangkaian Test Alternator di Hubung Singkat .................................... 438 5.134 Karakteristik Tanpa Beban dan Hubung Singkat sebuah Alternator.... 438 5.135 Pengukuran Resistansi DC ................................................................. 439 5.136 Vektor Diagram Pf “Lagging” ............................................................... 439 5.137 Vektor Arus Medan ............................................................................. 440 5.138 Karakteristik Beban Nol, Hubung Singkat, dan Vektor Arus Medan.... 440 5.139 Diagram Potier .................................................................................... 441 5.140 Vektor Diagram Potier ......................................................................... 442 xx Teknik Pemanfaatan Tenaga Listrik 5.141 Rangkaian Paralel Alternator .............................................................. 443 5.142 Rangkaian Lampu Berputar ................................................................ 443 5 143 Sychroscope ....................................................................................... 444 5.144 Motor Sinkron dua Kutub .................................................................... 444 5.145 Pengaruh Beban pada Kutub Rotor Motor Sinkron ............................. 445 5.146 Pengaruh Kenaikan BebanPada Arus Jangkar ................................... 445 5.147 Vektor Diagram untuk Menentukan Daya Motor ................................. 446 5.148 Diagram Aliran Daya pada Sebuah Motor Sinkron ............................. 447 5.149 Diagram Vektor dalam Keadaan Beban Tetap, dengan Faktor Daya Berbeda .................................................................................... 448 5.150 Kurva V Motor Sinkron ........................................................................ 449 5.151 Food Processor ................................................................................... 451 5.152 Mixer .................................................................................................. 451 5.153 Pod Coffee Makers Induksi Satu Fasa ................................................ 451 5.154 Letak Kumparan Motor ........................................................................ 452 5.155 Putaran Fluksi ..................................................................................... 453 5.156 Bentuk Gelombang Fluksi ................................................................... 454 5.157 Lengkung Torsi Motor Induksi Satu Fasa ........................................... 455 5.158 Kumparan Bantu Motor Induksi Satu Fasa ......................................... 455 5.159 Rangkaian Pengganti tanpa Rugi Inti .................................................. 456 5.160 Rangkaian Pengganti dengan Rugi Inti (rc Paralel) ............................ 456 5.161 Rangkaian Pengganti dengan Rugi Inti (rc Seri) ................................. 457 5.162 Motor Split Phase ................................................................................ 458 5.163 Motor Kapasitor ................................................................................... 459 5.164 Motor Capacitor-Start .......................................................................... 460 5.165 Motor Capacitor-Run ........................................................................... 461 5.166 Motor Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run .................................................. 462 5.167 Motor Shaded-Pole ............................................................................. 462 5.168 Konstruksi Motor Universal ................................................................. 464 5.169 Jangkar Motor Universal ..................................................................... 464 5.170 Contoh Generator Set ......................................................................... 465 5.171 Prinsip Kerja Mesin Diesel .................................................................. 466 5.172 Bagian-bagian Utama Generator Set .................................................. 468 5.173 Fuel Filters (Wire-element Type) ......................................................... 471 5.174 Fuel Filters (Paper Element Type) ..................................................... 471 5.175 Pompa Injeksi Bahan Bakar ................................................................ 471 5.176 Pemeriksaan Minyak Pelumas ............................................................ 472 5.177 Pemeriksaan Sistem Pendingin ......................................................... 472 5.178 Pemeriksaan Baterai ........................................................................... 473 5.179 Menguji Poros Motor ........................................................................... 478 5.180 Pengujian Belitan Stator Dengan AVO Meter ..................................... 479 5.181 Melepas Mur Tutup Rangka Motor ...................................................... 479 5.182 Melepas Penutup Motor dengan Treker .............................................. 479 5.183 Melepas Penutup Motor dengan Palu ................................................. 479 5.184 Memisahkan Bagian Rotor dari Rangka Motor ................................... 480 5.185 Pemeriksaan Belitan Stator dengan Megger ...................................... 480 5.186 Pemotongan Kawat Kumparan ........................................................... 481 5.187 Hubungan Kumparan .......................................................................... 482 Teknik Pemanfaatan Tenaga Listrik xxi 5.188 Hubungan Kumparan 4 (Empat) Kutub ............................................... 483 5.189 Bentangan Kumparan Motor Induksi 3 Fasa, 4 Kutub ........................ 483 5.190 Penyekatan Alur .................................................................................. 484 5.191 Melilit Kumparan Langsung ................................................................. 484 5.192 Contoh Mal untuk Melilit Kumparan .................................................... 484 5.193 Cara Lilitan Pintal ................................................................................ 485 5.194 Memasang Kumparan pada Alur ........................................................ 485 6.1 Ilustrasi Konseptual Aplikasi PLC .......................................................... 487 6.2 Contoh PLC ............................................................................................ 487 6.3 Standardisasi Bahasa Pemrograman PLC ............................................ 488 6.4 Gerbang AND ......................................................................................... 491 6.5 Gerbang AND dengan 2 Masukan dan Tabel Kebenaran ..................... 491 6.6 Contoh Aplikasi Gerbang AND ............................................................... 491 6.7 Gerbang OR ........................................................................................... 492 6.8 Gerbang OR dengan 2 Masukan dan Tabel Kebenaran ........................ 492 6.9 Contoh Aplikasi Gerbang OR ................................................................. 492 6.10 Gerbang OR dan Tabel Kebenaran ....................................................... 492 6.11 Contoh Aplikasi Gerbang NOT ............................................................... 493 6.12 Contoh Aplikasi Gerbang NOT ............................................................... 493 6.13 Gerbang NAND ...................................................................................... 494 6.14 Gerbang NOR ........................................................................................ 494 6.15 Contoh Rangkaian dengan Logika Hardwired dan Diagram Tangga PLC ........................................................................................................ 494 6.16 Sistem PLC ............................................................................................ 495 6.17 Arsitektur PLC ........................................................................................ 496 6.18 Kompoenen Utama CPU ........................................................................ 497 6.19 Bahasa Pemrograman Menurut Standar IEC ........................................ 499 6.20 Operasi Pembacaan .............................................................................. 499 6.21 Ilustrasi Proses Beberapa Eksekusi Relai pada Diagram Tangga ......... 500 6.22 Simbol Load (LD) ................................................................................... 500 6.23 Simbol Load Not (LDNOT) ..................................................................... 500 6.24 Simbol And ............................................................................................. 501 6.25 Simbol OR .............................................................................................. 501 6.26 Simbol OR NOT ..................................................................................... 501 6.27 Simbol OUT ............................................................................................ 501 6.28 Instruksi Out Not .................................................................................... 501 6.29 Instruksi Timer ........................................................................................ 501 6.30 Instruksi Counter .................................................................................... 502 6.31 Instruksi Move ........................................................................................ 502 6.32 Instruksi Compare .................................................................................. 502 6.33 Instruksi Less Than ................................................................................ 502 6.34 Instruksi Greater Than ........................................................................... 502 6.35 Instruksi End .......................................................................................... 502 6.36 Menu Utama CX-Programmer ............................................................... 503 6.37 CX-Programmer New Project ................................................................. 504 6.38 Select Serial Port ................................................................................... 505 6.39 Pengisian dan Pengosongan Tangki Air ................................................ 505 xxii Teknik Pemanfaatan Tenaga Listrik 6.40 Diagram Tangga Pengisian dan Pengosongan Tangki Air .................... 506 6.41 Pengepakan Buah Apel ......................................................................... 507 6.42 Diagram Tangga Pengepakan Buah Apel ............................................. 508 Teknik Pemanfaatan Tenaga Listrik xxiii DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 2.1 Daya Tersambung Pada Tegangan Menengah ......................................... 26 Tabel 2.2 Golongan Pelanggan PT. PLN ................................................................... 27 Tabel 2.3 Standarisasi Daya Pelanggan TM Dengan Pembatas Pelabur TM ........... 28 Tabel 2.4 Standarisasi Daya Pelanggan TM Dengan Pembatas Pelabur TR ............ 28 Tabel 2.5 Golongan Tarif ............................................................................................ 29 Tabel 2.6 Standar Daya PLN ...................................................................................... 43 Tabel 2.7 Daftar bahan untuk pemasangan instalasi listrik rumah tinggal ................. 57 Tabel 2.8 Panjang Gelombang ................................................................................... 79 Tabel 2.9 Daftar Efikasi Lampu .................................................................................. 83 Tabel 2.10 Perhitungan Intensitas Penerangan ......................................................... 83 Tabel 2.11 Tingkat Pencahayaan ............................................................................... 86 Tabel 2.12 Tingkat Pencahayaan Minimum Yang Direkomendasikan dan Renderasi Warna ...................................................................................... 87 Tabel 2.13 Efisiensi Armartur Penerangan Langsung ................................................ 92 Tabel 2.14 Efisiensi Armartur Penerangan Sebagian Besar Langsung ..................... 93 Tabel 2.15 Efisiensi Armartur Langsung Tak Langsung ............................................ 94 Tabel 2.16 Efisiensi Armartur ..................................................................................... 95 Tabel 2.17 Efisiensi Armartur Penerangan Tak Langsung ......................................... 96 Tabel 2.18 Intensitas Penerangan .............................................................................. 98 Tabel 2.19 Konsumsi Daya Listrik Lampu .................................................................. 99 Tabel 2.20 Temperatur Warna Yang Direkomendasikan Untuk Berbagai Fungsi/JenisRuangan .............................................................................. 101 Tabel 2.21 Fluks Cahaya dan Efikasi Lampu ............................................................. 103 Tabel 2.22 Contoh Jenis Lampu Yang Dianjurkan Untuk Berbagai Fungsi/Jenis Bangunan ................................................................................................. 105 Tabel 2.23 Daya Listrik Maksimum untuk Pencahayaan yang Diijinkan .................... 108 Tabel 2.24 Daya Pencahayaan Maksimum Untuk Tempat Di Luar Lokasi Bangunan Gedung ................................................................................... 109 Tabel 2.25 Daya Pencahayaan Maksimum Untuk Jalan dan Lapangan ................... 109 Tabel 2.26 Tingkat Pencahayaan Minimum Yang Direkomendasikan dan Renderasi Warna ...................................................................................... 111 Tabel 2.27 Ikhtisar Illuminasi Untuk Beberapa Jenis Gedung ................................... 117 Tabel 2.28 Karakteristik Lampu Halogen ................................................................... 130 Tabel 2.29 Warna Cahaya Lampu Tabung ................................................................ 131 Tabel 2.30 Kemampuan tabung dialiri arus listrik ...................................................... 135 Teknik Pemanfaatan Tenaga Listrik xxiv Tabel 2.31 Jenis Lampu Merkuri ................................................................................ 138 Tabel 2.32 Karakteristik Lampu Merkuri Tekanan Tinggi ........................................... 138 Tabel 2.33 Data Lampu Merkuri Flouresen ................................................................ 139 Tabel 2.34 Daya Lampu Merkuri Blended .................................................................. 140 Tabel 2.35 Karakteristik Lampu Sodium Tekanan Rendah ........................................ 142 Tabel 2.36 Karakteristik Lampu Sodium Tekanan Tinggi ........................................... 143 Tabel 2.37 Kondisi Lampu Saklar Seri ....................................................................... 149 Tabel 2.38 Kondisi Lampu Saklar Kelompok ............................................................. 150 Tabel 2.39 Kondisi Lampu Saklar Tukar I .................................................................. 151 Tabel 2.40 Kondisi Lampu Saklar Tukar II ................................................................. 152 Tabel 2.41 Kondisi Lampu Saklar Silang .................................................................... 153 Tabel 2.42 Besar Tegangan Sentuh dan Waktu Pemutusan Maksimum .................. 165 Tabel 2.43 Tegangan Langkah dan Waktu Pemutusan Gangguan Maksimum Yang Diizinkan .......................................................................................... 166 Tabel 2.44 Tahanan Jenis Tanah ............................................................................... 170 Tabel 2.45 Tahanan Pengetanahan Pada Jenis Tanah Dengan Tahanan Jenis ȇ1=100 Ohm-Meter .................................................................................. 171 Tabel 2.46 Luas Penampang Minimum Elektroda Pengetanahan ............................. 171 Tabel 2.47 Luas Penampang Minimum Hantaran Pengaman ................................... 172 Tabel 2.48 Jarak Elektroda-Elektroda Bantu Menggunakan Metoda 62% (Ft) .......... 180 Tabel 2.49 Sistem Multi-Elektroda .............................................................................. 182 Tabel 2.50 Contoh Identifikasi Jenis Gangguan Peralatan Instalasi Listrik TR Pada Gedung ........................................................................................... 193 Tabel 2.51 Contoh Identifikasi Jenis Gangguan Peralatan Instalasi Listrik TM Pada Gedung ........................................................................................... 194 Tabel 2.52 Contoh Pengukuran Dalam Pengujian Kontinuitas Penghantar .............. 198 Tabel 3.1 Daya Kompor Listrik ................................................................................... 258 Tabel 4.1 Ikhtisar Penyearah ...................................................................................... 318 Tabel 5.1 Parameter Pengujian Beban Nol ................................................................ 378 Tabel 5.2 Parameter Pengujian Hub Singkat ............................................................. 378 Tabel 5.3 Kelompok Hubungan Menurut Standar Vde 0532 ...................................... 380 Tabel 5.4 Hubungan Sisi Kumparan Dengan Lamel Lilitan Gelung ........................... 389 Tabel 5.5 Hubungan Sisi Kumparan dengan Lamel Lilitan Gelombang .................... 391 Tabel 5.6 Karakteristik Torsi Motor Induksi ................................................................ 426 Tabel 5.7 Klasifikasi Isolasi Motor .............................................................................. 426 Tabel 5.8 Karakteristik dan Penggunaan Motor Induksi Satu Fasa ........................... 463 Tabel 5.9 Pelacakan Gangguan pada Genset .......................................................... 476 Tabel 6.1 Bagian dan Fungsi CX – Programmer ....................................................... 504 Next >