< Previous 94 Perhatikan gambar dibawah ini. Important Structures : Casting Off CASTING OFF – ORDERS Stand by for letting go! Single up head lines! Single up stern lines! Single up forward/aft breast line! Single up the forward/aft spring! Slack away / hold on / heave on Head line! Breast line! forward/aft spring! Let go head line/stern line! Let go breast line! Let go forward/aft spring! Let go all forward Let go all aft! Let go all ropes! 95 c. Language Focus SIMPLE PAST 1) Simple Past: Form Regular verbs: base+ed e.g. walked, showed, watched, played, smiled, stopped Irregular verbs: see list of verbs Simple past, be, have, do: Subject Verb Be Have Do I was Had did You were Had did He, she, it was Had did We were Had did You were Had did They were Had did Affirmative a) I was in Japan last year b) She had a headache yesterday. c) We did our homework last night. Negative and interrogative Note: a) For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "do" as an ordinary verb, use the auxiliary "do", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night. The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "do", but sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction "n't". 96 b) The interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "do". They weren't in Rio last summer. We hadn't any money. We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower. We didn't do our exercises this morning. Were they in Iceland last January? Did you have a bicycle when you were a boy? Did you do much climbing in Switzerland? Simple past, regular verbs Affirmative Subject verb + ed I washed Negative Subject did not infinitive without to They didn't visit ... Interrogative Did subject infinitive without to Did she arrive...? Interrogative negative Did not subject infinitive without to Didn't you like..? Example: to walk, simple past. Affirmative Negative Interrogative I walked I didn't walk Did I walk? You walked You didn't walk Did you walk? He,she,it walked He didn't walk Did he walk? We walked We didn't walk Did we walk? You walked You didn't walk Did you walk? They walked They didn't walk Did they walk? 97 Note: For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past, always use the auxiliary 'did''. Examples: Simple past, irregular verbs a) to go He went to a club last night. Did he go to the cinema last night? He didn't go to bed early last night. b) to give We gave her a doll for her birthday. They didn't give John their new address. Did Barry give you my passport? c) to come My parents came to visit me last July. We didn't come because it was raining. Did he come to your party last week? 2) Simple past, function The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past. a) John Cabot sailed to America in 1498. b) My father died last year. c) He lived in Fiji in 1976. d) We crossed the Channel yesterday. e) Christoper Columbus invented America in 1492. You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time expressions 98 Examples a) frequency: often, sometimes, always; b) a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago. c) an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc. Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the period of time e.g. a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago. Examples a) Yesterday, I arrived in Tanjung Priok. b) She finished her work at seven o'clock. c) We saw a good film last week. d) I went to the theatre last night. e) She played the piano when she was a child. f) He sent me a letter six months ago. g) Amran left five minutes ago. h) The childrem played football in the backyard last afternoon. 99 PAST CONTINOUS 1) Past continuous - form The past continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the verb to be (was/were), and the base of the main verb +ing. Subject was/were base-ing They Were Watching Affirmative She Was Reading Negative She wasn't Reading Interrogative Was She reading? Interrogative negative Wasn't She reading? Example: to play, past continuous Affirmative Negative Interrogative I was playing I was not playing Was I playing? You were playing You were not playing Were you playing? He, she, it was playing She wasn't playing Was she playing? We were playing We weren't playing Were we playing? You were playing You weren't playing Were you playing? They were playing They weren't playing Were they playing? 2) Past continuous, function The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and was still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses anunfinished or incomplete action in the past. 100 It is used: a) often, to describe the background in a story written in the past tense, e.g. "The sunwas shining and the birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other animals were relaxing in the shade of the trees, but the elephant moved very quickly. She was looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter who was watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was running towards the river..." b) to describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action, e.g. "I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang." c) to express a change of mind: e.g. "I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go on an excursion instead." d) with 'wonder', to make a very polite request: e.g. "I was wondering if you could baby-sit for me tonight." More examples a) They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened. b) Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg. c) When we arrived he was having a bath. d) When the fire started I was watching television. Note: with verbs not normally used in the continuous form, the simple past is used. 101 3. Refleksi Setelah mengikuti kegiatan pembelajaran ini, masing-masing siswa harus mampu menuliskan secara deskriptif atau naratif tentang beberapa hal dibawah ini. (Gunakan kertas tambahan atau lembar terpisah, apabila perlu) c. Apakah anda merasakan manfaat dari pembelajaran ini? Jika Ya, sebutkan apa saja manfaatnya? Jika Tidak, berikan penjelasan? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ d. Apa rencana implementasi pengetahuan dan keterampilan dari hasil kegiatan pembelajaran ini. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ e. Apa saran dan masukkan anda untuk kegiatan pembelajaran selanjutnya. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 102 4. Tugas Look at the words in blue. Some of the verbs are in the wrong form. The first two mistakes are underlined. Click on 10 more mistakes. Charles Dickens were an English novelist who lived from 1812 to 1870. His parents weren't rich and Charles didn't received a very good education. In fact, he don't have a completely happy childhood. When he was 12, his father went to prison because he owed money. Charles worked in a factory for a few months until his father come out of prison. He hate his work in the factory, and was very unhappy. At 15 he started work as an office boy for some lawyers in London. At 22 he become a journalist for a London newspaper, and two years later he marry the daughter of a magazine editor, Catherine Hogarth. Dickens worked extremely hard and wrote a lot of successful novels and short stories. He understanded social problems very well and try to change them by describing them in his work. Dickens and his wife had 10 children but the marriage weren't happy. Dickens eventually leaved his wife in 1858. In the 1860s he completed two more novels (Great Expectations and Our Mutual Friend) but he didn’t finished his last novel, Mystery of Edwin Drood before his death in 1870. Mengasosiasi - Mengkomunikasi Sekarang saatnya melakukan pencatatan dan pengambilan kesimpulan dari hasil pengamatan, diskusi dan eksplorasi yang telah anda lakukan, lalu sampaikan dalam kelas hasil pengamatan anda! 103 Selanjutnya, bersama-sama praktikkan pengucapan kalimat instruksi yang sudah dipelajari sebelumnya. Masing-masing harus memiliki kesempatan untuk melakukannya. Secara berkelompok tentukan peran masing-masing anggota ketika melakukan aktifitas perkapalan/pelayaran saat meninggalkan pelabuhan. 5. Tes Formatif Complete each sentence using the past simpele form in the box. Do as the following examples Example When did you phone (you) me? I didn't hear the phoneat all. My grandparents were farmers for 40 years. Be dance be give visit be do pass phone pay plan wake up a. Anna ________________________ her trip to Australia last year very carefully. b. ___________________________ (William) his driving test last week? c. _________________________ Julie angry with me yesterday? I hope not. d. We ______________________________ for our tickets months ago, but now there's no room for us on the plane. e. I _____________________________ until 10 o'clock this morning. I slept for more than 11 hours! f. You _______________________ a lot at the party last night! Are you tired now? g. The college exhibition ________________ very good this year, unfortunately. h. What ___________________ (you) last weekend? Anything exciting? i. A couple of years ago I _____________________ some friends in Los Angeles. I had a great time with them. j. My brother ___________________ me a really good CD for my last birthday. Next >